Abstract
Gut microbiota and their metabolites have been linked to a series of chronic diseases such as obesity and other metabolic dysfunctions. Obesity is an increasingly serious international health issue that may lead to a risk of insulin resistance and other metabolic diseases. The relationship between gut microbiota and the host is both interdependent and relatively independent. In this review, the causality of gut microbiota and its role in the pathogenesis and intervention of obesity is comprehensively presented to include human genotype, enterotypes, interactions of gut microbiota with the host, microbial metabolites, and energy homeostasis all of which may be influenced by dietary nutrition. Diet can enhance, inhibit, or even change the composition and functions of the gut microbiota. The metabolites they produce depend upon the dietary substrates provided, some of which have indispensable functions for the host. Therefore, diet is a key factor that maintains or not a healthy commensal relationship. In addition, the specific genotype of the host may impact the phylogenetic compositions of gut microbiota through the production of host metabolites. The commensal homeostasis of gut microbiota is favored by a balance of microbial composition, metabolites, and energy. Ultimately the desired commensal relationship is one of mutual support. This article analyzes the clues that result in patterns of commensal homeostasis. A deeper understanding of these interactions is beneficial for developing effective prevention, diagnosis, and personalized therapeutic strategies to combat obesity and other metabolic diseases. The idea we discuss is meant to improve human health by shaping or modulating the beneficial gut microbiota.
Highlights
Gut microbiota is identified as a relatively new and key player in the treatment of obesity
The results indicate that the gut microbiota can be mainly arranged as four enterotypes: Bacteroides, Prevotella, Rminococcus, and Firmicutes (Gill et al, 2006; Kurokawa et al, 2007; Zoetendal et al, 2008; Jensen et al, 2009)
The results demonstrated increased acetate production due to the nutrient-gut microbiota and the subsequent parasympathetic activation could be developed as potential therapeutic targets for obesity (Perry et al, 2016)
Summary
Gut microbiota is identified as a relatively new and key player in the treatment of obesity. Changes in the gut microbiota, have been shown to correlate with good health but, lead to the pathogenesis of obesity and various metabolic diseases. It is hoped that a defined composition of gut microbiota can prevent or even cure obesity and related diseases. Interactions of the gut microbiota and host, or metabolites they produce, are still under investigation. The gut microbiota has been linked with a number of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases (Zhao, 2013). The causality between the composition of the gut microbiota and its role in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders are critically described, based on metagenome analysis of the microbiota, microbe-microbe, and microbiota-host interactions, and the specific metabolites produced by microbiota and host (Musso et al, 2010)
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