Abstract

Using the disaster risk reduction paradigm and United Nations principles for post-disaster interventions, we analyse the actions of the Italian civil protection agency following the April 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila (Abruzzo, Italy), especially the use of a command-and-control approach and emergency powers. We consider the immediate response, the militarization of the emergency area, the establishment of red zones, the provision of emergency shelter and temporary housing, and the utilisation of disaster myths. We discuss the failure of the command-and-control approach to respect internationally-agreed principles of disaster risk reduction. The tragedy and multidimensionality of disaster impacts should induce disaster agencies to carefully consider the social dimensions of disaster in planning interventions. We found, however, that decision makers often adopt a ‘command-and-control’ approach and rely on emergency powers. These institutional arrangements mean disaster agencies implement top-down planning without transparency or accountability. There is no systematic approach to disaster risk reduction, community empowerment or resilience building. Post-disaster interventions are influenced by myths and misconceptions, and do not acknowledge the social dimensions of disasters. They increase dependency on external support, annihilate the potentialities of local communities, create further environmental and social impacts, violate human rights, while worsening vulnerabilities and risks. All this facilitates disaster capitalism and corruption, ultimately resulting into a second disaster.

Highlights

  • Various international declarations [1,2,3,4,95,96] have contributed to the evolution of a disaster risk reduction (DRR) paradigm that should be the basis of disaster management in all countries

  • As we discuss in this paper, postdisaster interventions continue to be implemented by national disaster agencies and international organizations using emergency powers, the command-and-control approach, and top-down planning

  • The international DRR paradigm, which is supported by several United Nations agreements, spells out the key principles that should be followed in disaster management

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Summary

Introduction

Various international declarations [1,2,3,4,95,96] have contributed to the evolution of a disaster risk reduction (DRR) paradigm that should be the basis of disaster management in all countries. As we discuss in this paper, postdisaster interventions continue to be implemented by national disaster agencies and international organizations using emergency powers, the command-and-control approach, and top-down planning These institutional arrangements are controversial and undermine achievement of DRR outcomes. We analyse how the top-down planning implemented by the Italian Civil Protection through the use of emergency powers and the adoption of the command-and-control approach facilitated elite capture and disaster capitalism [38,39,40] at national level, did not reflect local people's needs, priorities and desires, and represented for local communities a second disaster in the mid and long-term

International principles and guidelines for disaster management
Methodology
The L’Aquila earthquake of 6 April 2009
The immediate response
The jackals alert and other looters
Militarization and the creation of red zones
Temporary housing provision: the CASE project
Findings
11. Conclusion

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