Cometary dust collected by MIDAS on board Rosetta

Abstract

Context. The Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System (MIDAS) atomic force microscope (AFM) on board the Rosetta comet orbiter has been dedicated to the collection and 3D topographical investigation of cometary dust in the size range of a few hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers with a resolution down to a few nanometers. Aims. We aim to catalog all dust particles collected and analyzed by MIDAS, together with their main statistical properties such as size, height, basic shape descriptors, and collection time. Furthermore, we aim to present the scientific results that can be extracted from the catalog, such as the size distribution and statistical characteristics of cometary dust particles. Methods. Through a careful re-analysis of MIDAS AFM images, we make a significant update and improvement to the existing MIDAS particle catalog, resulting in the addition of more particles and newly developed shape descriptors. The final product is a comprehensive list of all possible cometary dust particles detected by MIDAS. The catalog documents all images of identified dust particles and includes a variety of derived information tabulated one record per particle. Furthermore, the best image of each particle was chosen for subsequent studies. Finally, we created dust coverage maps and clustering maps of the MIDAS collection targets and traced any possible fragmentation of collected particles with a detailed algorithm. Results. The revised MIDAS catalog includes 3523 MIDAS particles in total, where 1857 particles are expected to be usable for further analysis (418 scans of particles before perihelion + 1439 scans of particles after perihelion, both after the removal of duplicates), ranging from about 40 nm to about 8 μm in size. The mean value of the equivalent radius derived from the 2D projection of the particles is 0.91 ± 0.79 μm. A slightly improved equivalent radius based on the particle’s volume coincides in the range of uncertainties with a value of 0.56 ± 0.45 μm. We note that those sizes and all following MIDAS particle size distributions are expected to be influenced by the fragmentation of MIDAS particles upon impact on the collection targets. Furthermore, fitting the slope of the MIDAS particle size distribution with a power law of a · rb yields an index b of ~−1.67 to −1.88. Lastly, based on the created dust coverage maps and clustering maps of the MIDAS collection targets, we determined the particle fragmentation ratio of 4.09 for nominal activity and 11.8 for the outburst, which underlines that parent particles with faster impact velocity are more likely to be fragmented during dust collection.