Abstract
Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug frequently detected in the influent and effluent of sewage treatment plants. The Gram-positive strain Planococcus sp. S5 was able to remove approximately 30 % of naproxen after 35 days of incubation in monosubstrate culture. Under cometabolic conditions, with glucose or phenol as a growth substrate, the degradation efficiency of S5 increased. During 35 days of incubation, 75.14 ± 1.71 % and 86.27 ± 2.09 % of naproxen was degraded in the presence of glucose and phenol, respectively. The highest rate of naproxen degradation observed in the presence of phenol may be connected with the fact that phenol is known to induce enzymes responsible for aromatic ring cleavage. The activity of phenol monooxygenase, naphthalene monooxygenase, and hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase was indicated in Planococcus sp. S5 culture with glucose or phenol as a growth substrate. It is suggested that these enzymes may be engaged in naproxen degradation.
Highlights
Increasing interest in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as pollutants of the aquatic environment has been observed during the last decade
NSAIDs have been detected in the environment in concentrations ranging from nanogram per liter to microgram per liter (Ternes 1998; Heberer 2002; Grenni et al 2013; Grossberger et al 2014)
Environmental risk assessments are based on acute toxicity tests, which are carried out for higher concentrations of NSAIDs than those observed in the environment
Summary
Increasing interest in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as pollutants of the aquatic environment has been observed during the last decade. Many of them are slowly metabolized in the environment because of their persistence. They are excreted as demethylated and hydroxylated derivatives, acyl glucuronide conjugates, or parent drugs which accumulate in the environment (Vree et al 1993; Christen et al 2010). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the main inhibitors of cyclooxygenases. These enzymes characterize high homology regardless of organism ancestry. Environmental risk assessments are based on acute toxicity tests, which are carried out for higher concentrations of NSAIDs than those observed in the environment. Accumulation of diclofenac in the liver, kidney, gills, and muscle of rainbow trout was reported
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