Combustion synthesis of Mg–Er ferrite nanoparticles: Cation distribution and structural, optical, and magnetic properties

Abstract

Rare earth ion (Er3+)-doped magnesium ferrite nanoparticles of basic composition MgFe2−xErxO4 (x=0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06) were synthesized for the first time by a combustion method with use of glycine as fuel. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer analysis in order to study the structural, compositional, morphological, and magnetic changes with addition of dopant. The X-ray diffraction pattern revealed a single phase with cubic spinel structure, and from the Scherrer formula and the Williamson–Hall formula, the average grain sizes ranged from 35 to 56nm and from 31 to 54nm, respectively. The lattice parameter (a) increases with the increase of the Er3+ concentration x in the lattice. The cation distributions among the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites of spinel-type Er-doped magnesium ferrites were also investigated. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra of synthesized samples illustrate that the higher-frequency bands lying in the range from 550 to 620cm−1 and the lower-frequency bands lying in the range from 410 to 450cm−1 are associated with the asymmetric stretching modes of the AB2O4 type of spinel transition metal oxides. Information about the chemical elements and oxidation states of the samples was obtained from high-resolution core-level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra of Mg 1s, Fe 2p, Er 4d, and O 1s. Further information about the morphology of the nanoparticles was obtained by scanning electron microscopy. From UV-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy studies, the optical band gaps were found to range from 1.81 to 1.96eV. The magnetic hysteresis curves clearly indicate the soft ferromagnetic nature of the samples. Various magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization, coercivity, and remanent magnetization obtained from M–H loops were observed to increase with Er3+ substitution.