Abstract
SummaryCombustion ion chromatography (CIC) has found a role in environmental analytical chemistry for fluorine content analysis. It is used for extractable organofluorine (EOF) analysis to evaluate perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and other organofluorine burden. The prevailing assumption has been that all PFASs are incinerated in CIC and matrix components have no impact on this process, but this has not been experimentally evaluated. In this work, the combustion efficiencies of 13 different PFASs were determined (66–110%). A notable difference was observed between calibrating the CIC with inorganic fluorine or organofluorine. Potential interferences from cations and coextracted matrix components from whole blood and surface water samples were evaluated. These observations should be acknowledged when performing EOF analysis using CIC, overlooking either non-100% combustion efficiencies or the differences in calibrating the CIC with inorganic fluorine or organofluorine could lead to underestimating EOF content and through that to misguide policy decisions.
Highlights
At low concentrations (0.7–1.2 mg/L) in drinking water, fluoride has beneficial effects on human health (United Nations Environment Programme et al, 1984)
AND DISCUSSION we will address the issues of Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) calibration using OF and inorganic fluorine (IF) solution, combustion efficiencies of different polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), effect of cations on fluorine analysis, effect of matrix components, and possible sources of background fluorine
Calibration with OF and IF solutions Several of the studies listed in Table 1 used a combination of IF and OF samples for calibrating and checking their system (e.g., a NaF calibration curve checked against samples of perfluorobutane sulfonic acid [PFBS])
Summary
At low concentrations (0.7–1.2 mg/L) in drinking water, fluoride has beneficial effects on human health (United Nations Environment Programme et al, 1984). Excess concentration of fluoride has been linked to negative health effects in plants, insects, and animals (including humans) (Zuo et al, 2018). This stimulated the development of methods to measure fluoride content in water, initially colorimetry (Foster, 1933) and later ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) (US EPA, 2015). The combustion in CIC is carried out in the presence of water (hydropyrolysis), which is continuously added during the analysis This shifts the equilibria toward the formation of hydrogen fluoride (can be captured and measured) and away from silicon tetrafluoride (degrades the combustion tube and cannot be measured with IC) (Wagner et al, 2013)
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