Abstract
The efficient harvesting of mechanical energy from ambient vibrations is an ongoing project. Recent research has shown that nonlinear energy harvesters can generally overcome many significant disadvantages of linear harvesters arising from their narrow bandwidth. This paper proposes an energy harvester within an automotive tire that boasts the advantages of nonlinear systems to increase the harvesting bandwidth by combining stochastic resonance with high-energy orbit oscillations. A major challenge in this automotive application is the wide variation in tire speeds over which harvesting can take place. Stochastic resonance has some benefits here, particularly at low speeds at which high-energy orbit oscillations may not otherwise occur. Thus, as the speed of the vehicle and, therefore, a high-energy orbit oscillation of the harvester can be stimulated, the operating frequency of the harvester increases due to the presence of stochastic resonance and can be maintained as the speed of the vehicle increases or decreases. The results of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments show that the effective bandwidth of energy harvesting increased from 31 rad/s to 129.4 rad/s and the maximum power generated reached 0.21 mW, with a mean value of 35.6 μW, entirely through a combination of sustainable stochastic resonance and high-energy orbit oscillations within the harvester. Thus, by combining these two phenomena, the efficient bandwidth of rotation can be further extended to enhance the overall capability of tire-based energy harvesting.
Highlights
This paper proposes an energy harvester within an automotive tire that boasts the advantages of nonlinear systems to increase the harvesting bandwidth by combining stochastic resonance with high-energy orbit oscillations
The results of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments show that the effective bandwidth of energy harvesting increased from 31 rad/s to 129.4 rad/s and the maximum power generated reached 0.21 mW, with a mean value of 35.6 μW, entirely through a combination of sustainable stochastic resonance and high-energy orbit oscillations within the harvester
The on-road noise excitation and periodic force caused by the rotation of the tires of a vehicle are considered together, and a model is derived to show that a sustainable stochastic resonance can take place across the domain of low-energy orbit oscillations
Summary
Stochastic resonance has been proposed as the physical phenomenon driving the periodicity of the Earth’s glaciation, where the underlying effect is that the output response is significantly amplified within a certain probability by adding noise to a weak periodic signal.18–21 Recently, this phenomenon has been used in a variety of disciplines for signal detection and fault diagnosis,22–25 biological neuroanalysis,26–29 image processing,30–33 and population dynamics.34–36 In mechanical engineering, it has been suggested that stochastic resonance can be used within a bistable oscillator to increase the vibrational energy available for extraction through energy harvesting.37 For a nonlinear mechanical system mounted on a rotating environment such as a car tire, ambient vibrations from the surface of the road can be considered the source of noise excitation and can be coupled with the periodic rotational force due to the wheel and the gravitational effects of the magnetic endmass that together provide the necessary external conditions for the occurrence of stochastic resonance.38,39. Combining sustainable stochastic resonance with high-energy orbit oscillation to broaden rotational bandwidth of energy harvesting from tire
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