Abstract
.Lung cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is capable of providing cellular-level images and resolving pathologically related features on human lung tissues. However, conventional means of analyzing CARS images requires extensive image processing, feature engineering, and human intervention. This study demonstrates the feasibility of applying a deep learning algorithm to automatically differentiate normal and cancerous lung tissue images acquired by CARS. We leverage the features learned by pretrained deep neural networks and retrain the model using CARS images as the input. We achieve 89.2% accuracy in classifying normal, small-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma lung images. This computational method is a step toward on-the-spot diagnosis of lung cancer and can be further strengthened by the efforts aimed at miniaturizing the CARS technique for fiber-based microendoscopic imaging.
Highlights
Lung cancer is responsible for the most cancer-related deaths in the world
To circumvent the complex image processing and feature engineering procedure and avert any possible human interventions, in this paper, we demonstrate the classification of Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) images on lung tissues using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that needs no hand-crafted features.[29,30,31,32,33,34]
Because cell nuclei have less CH2 bonds compared to cell membrane and cytoplasm, they appear as dark spots in CARS images
Summary
In 2017, it is estimated that there will be 222,500 cases of lung cancer and 155,870 deaths from lung cancer in the United States.[1] Despite the steady increase in survival for most cancers in recent years, advance has been slow for lung cancer, resulting in only 18% 5-year survival rate.[1,2] This low rate is partly due to the asymptomatic nature of lung lesions,[3] which prevents lung cancer from being diagnosed at an earlier stage.[4] There are two main types of lung cancer: about 80% to 85% of lung cancer is nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the remaining forms are small-cell lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the two major subtypes of NSCLC. Adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer that accounts for about 40% of total lung cancer incidences. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for about 30% of total lung cancer incidences, and they are often linked to a history of smoking.
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