Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of exercise training with amino acid and vitamin D supplementation on muscle and bone mass in participants with low muscle volume. Twenty-nine Japanese participants (56-84 years old) were enrolled and assigned into the supplement (n=15) and non-supplement (n=14) groups. All participants underwent a 6-month exercise program. Supplements and nutrition support were provided to the participants in the supplement group for 12 weeks. Body composition and whole bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The outcomes, including body composition, whole BMD, and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), were evaluated twice: pre- and post-intervention. The SMI was 6.51(6.28; 7.14) and 5.58 (5.24; 6.05) (kg/m2) in men and women, respectively. The average SMI change was 0.13% (-0.05%; 0.31%) and 2.33% (-0.88%; 5.48%); [mean (lower; upper quartile)]. The average BMD loss in the non-supplement group was -2.78%, and the BMD increased in the supplement group by 4.34%; there was an absolute difference between the two groups (p<0.05). After the intervention, serum myostatin was changed (p=0.001, non-supplement>supplement), serum vitamin D was increased (p=0.03; supplement>non-supplement), and BMD was maintained (p=0.03, supplement>non-supplement). There was a significant difference in the serum myostatin level at baseline and at 6-month in the non-supplement group, with a mean difference of 483.78 ng/ml (p=0.01). There was no significant improvement in the total lean mass, and handgrip strength. Resistance exercise combined with an amino acid supplement affects muscle and bone mass in the short-term intervention.
Highlights
Sarcopenia is characterized by a loss of muscle mass and strength related to aging, and leads to physical disability, the decline in muscle function, falling, fractures, and increased risk of mortality (Cruz-Jentoft et al, 2010)
There was no significant relationship between the change in myostatin level and the change in skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) scores, bone mineral density, and total lean mass
Our study demonstrates that the arm and leg muscle mass, hand grip strength, and walking speed did not increase with combined exercise and amino acid ingestion in both groups; the SMI improved only in the exercise and amino acid supplement group
Summary
Sarcopenia is characterized by a loss of muscle mass and strength related to aging, and leads to physical disability, the decline in muscle function, falling, fractures, and increased risk of mortality (Cruz-Jentoft et al, 2010). Sarcopenia has become common worldwide and is associated with high financial costs; it is important to treat sarcopenia to maintain muscle mass, improve strength, reduce the risk of falling, and increase the life span of the elderly population. Many factors such as insufficient physical activities, chronic disease, and decreased muscle protein synthesis may lead to the loss of muscle mass (Iannuzzi-Sucich, Prestwook, & Kenny, 2002), but the potentially preventable strategy is based only on nutritional deficiency and skeletal muscle dysfunction with targeted interventions (Fiatarone et al, 1994). Growing evidence suggests that insufficient protein, energy, and certain micronutrients gjhs.ccsenet.org
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