Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine optical spatial frequency spectroscopy analysis (SFSA) combined with visible resonance Raman (VRR) spectroscopic method, for the first time, to discriminate human brain metastases of lung cancers adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from normal tissues. A total of 31 label-free micrographic images of three types of brain tissues were obtained using a confocal micro-Raman spectroscopic system. VRR spectra of the corresponding samples were synchronously collected using excitation wavelength of 532[Formula: see text]nm from the same sites of the tissues. Using SFSA method, the difference in the randomness of spatial frequency structures in the micrograph images was analyzed using Gaussian function fitting. The standard deviations, [Formula: see text] calculated from the spatial frequencies of the micrograph images were then analyzed using support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The key VRR biomolecular fingerprints of carotenoids, tryptophan, amide II, lipids and proteins (methylene/methyl groups) were also analyzed using SVM classifier. All three types of brain tissues were identified with high accuracy in the two approaches with high correlation. The results show that SFSA–VRR can potentially be a dual-modal method to provide new criteria for identifying the three types of human brain tissues, which are on-site, real-time and label-free and may improve the accuracy of brain biopsy.
Highlights
Human brain tumors appear regardless of color and age
This study focuses on analyzing the micrograph images and visible resonance Raman (VRR) spectra tond key markers to di®erentiate human brain metastasis of lung cancer including adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from normal tissues using dual optical modalities of spatial frequency spectroscopy analysis (SFSA)–VRR, synchronously, in situ, ex vivo, in real time
Identication of human normal brain tissues and brain tissues of metastases from lung cancer by VRR (1): Three sets of data collected from representative brain metastases of lung cancers (ADC and SCC) and normal tissues are displayed in Fig. 1, including (a) the micrograph images, (b) the VRR spectral data measured synchronously with the micrograph images and (c) microscopic images for histopathology diagnosis with H&E stains
Summary
Human brain tumors appear regardless of color and age. Brain tumors may arise from a brain's internal tissue (primary brain and central nerve system (CNS) tumors) or external metastases to the brain (metastatic brain tumors). The secondary or metastatic brain tumors, which have spread to the brain or cerebellum from another location (organ) in the body, are much more common than primary brain tumors. They are the most common brain tumors in adults. Metastatic brain tumors make up about one-fourth of all cancers that spread through the other organs of body. The cancer cells of these organs broke free of primary cancer, travel through blood and spread to the brain and grow into the new tumors. The brain metastases of lung cancer are the most common forms of metastatic brain tumor. It tends to disseminate earlier during its natural history than non-SCLC (NSCLC) and is clinically more aggressive.[4]
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