Abstract

Sufficient and convenient fast-charging facilities are crucial for the effective integration of electric vehicles. To construct enough fast electric vehicle-charging stations, station owners need to earn a reasonable profit. This paper proposed an optimization framework for profit maximization, which determined the combined planning and operation of the charging station considering the vehicle arrival pattern, intermittent solar photovoltaic generation, and energy storage system management. In a planning horizon, the proposed optimization framework finds an optimal configuration of a grid-connected charging station. Besides, during the operation horizon, it determines an optimal power scheduling in the charging station. We formulated an optimization framework to maximize the expected profit of the station. Four types of costs were considered during the planning period: the investment cost, operational cost, maintenance cost, and penalties. The penalties arose from vehicle customers’ dissatisfaction associated with waiting time in queues and rejection by the station. The simulation results showed the optimal investment configuration and daily power scheduling in the charging station in various environments such as the downtown, highway, and public stations. Furthermore, it was shown that the optimal configuration was different according to the environments. In addition, the effectiveness of solar photovoltaic, energy storage system, and queue management was demonstrated in terms of the optimal solution through a sensitivity analysis.

Highlights

  • The electrification of the transport sector is expected to play a vital role in mitigating the environmental damages caused by the broad usage of fossil fuels, especially in the power-generation and transportation sectors

  • We considered that during long-term planning, the fast EV-charging station (FECS) decides an investment on its charging capacity, which includes the numbers of chargers N and waiting space R, and the power capacity, which includes the sizes of the PV γPV and energy storage system (ESS) γESS

  • An optimization framework was formulated for the combined planning and operation of an FECS integrated with a solar PV generator and an ESS

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Summary

Introduction

The electrification of the transport sector is expected to play a vital role in mitigating the environmental damages caused by the broad usage of fossil fuels, especially in the power-generation and transportation sectors. An optimization approach was presented for optimal placement and sizing of the EV-charging stations to minimize the total cost, including station development, electrification costs, and both the EV and electric grid energy loss cost [19] Another optimization model for optimal sizing and placement of plug-in electric vehicle fast-charging stations was proposed to minimize the social cost related to both the transportation and distribution network [20]. Using the capacitated flow refueling location model to describe the EV charging demand in [22], the authors proposed an approach for the optimal planning of EV fast-charging stations considering the interaction between the transportation and electrical networks. For the profitable operation of fast-charging infrastructures, the usage of an energy storage system (ESS) to coordinate the impact of the station and the main grid was studied [25,26,27,28].

FECS System Model
Power Supply
Energy Storage System
EV Arrival at the FECS and Charging Demand
Combined Planning and Operation Problem
FECS Investment
Daily Operation
Penalties from Discomfort
Maintenance Costs
Case Study Parameters
Daily Operation of FECS
FECS Planning Result
Sensitivity Analysis
FECS in Different Location
Optimal Profit with Uncertainty
Findings
Conclusions
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