Combined metabolic and morphologic imaging in thyroid carcinoma patients with elevated serum thyroglobulin and negative cervical ultrasonography: role of 124I-PET/CT and FDG-PET

Abstract

This study sought to compare iodine-124 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (124I-PET/CT) and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D: -glucose- (FDG-) PET in the detection of recurrent differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) lesions in patients with increasing serum thyroglobulin (Tg), Tg-antibodies, or both, but without pathological cervical ultrasonography. We assessed the lesion detection accuracy of 124I-PET alone, CT alone, (124)I-PET/CT, FDG-PET, and all these modalities combined. The study included 21 patients (9 follicular, 12 papillary DTC) who had been rendered disease-free by thyroidectomy and radioiodine treatment (RIT) and followed up for 21-275 months after the last RIT. In all patients, FDG-PET was performed first. Within 1 week, 124I-PET/CT was performed 24 h after oral administration of 43 +/- 11 MBq 124I. Imaging results were correlated with further clinical follow-up with (n = 12) or without (n = 9) post-study histology as the reference standard. The sensitivities for DTC lesion detection were: 124I-PET, 49%; CT, 67%; 124I-PET/CT, 80%; FDG-PET, 70%; and all modalities combined, 91%. For local recurrences (distant metastases), the sensitivities were: 124I-PET, 60% (45%); CT, 20% (84%); and FDG-PET, 65% (71%). One-third of lesions demonstrated pathological tracer uptake with both 124I- and FDG-PET, while two-thirds were positive with only one of these modalities. Used together, 124I-PET and CT allow localization of foci of highly specific 124I uptake as well as non-iodine-avid lesions. The combination of 124I-PET/CT and FDG-PET improves restaging in recurrent DTC by enabling detection on whole-body scans of local recurrence or metastases that are often not found if only one of the methods or other imaging modalities are applied.