Abstract
To unravel the combined effect of risk and protective factors that may contribute to preserve or impair cognitive status, this prospective cohort study systematically investigated a cluster of factors in elders aged 75 years and older from Guangxi Longitudinal Cohort (GLC) dataset. GLC has tracked 630 oldest-elders for two times within 2 years and will continue to follow two times in the next 4 years. At baseline geriatric assessment, sociodemographic information (e.g., education, Mandarin, marriage, and income), physical status [body mass index (BMI), chronic disease/medicine], lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol, and exercise), and self-rated mental health (self-care, well-being, anxiety) were recorded by online interview. With 2 years’ follow-up, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and memory test were performed through person-to-person interview. The performance of MMSE was applied to represent the responder’s cognitive status which classified into cognitive impairment and normal group based on a cutoff point of 20. An age-related cognitive declining trend of 15 stratified factors was observed, though with a small effect size (R-square: 0.001–0.15). The odds of exposure or non-exposure on factors (memory, self-care, exercise, income, education, and literacy) had a significantly different effect on cognitive impairment through multivariate analysis after adjusting other confounding variables. Through stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis, the following 12 factors/index would be integrated to predict cognitive impairment: gender, physical health factors (BMI, chronic disease), socioeconomic and lifestyle factors (education, literacy, Mandarin, marriage, income, and exercise), and psychological health factors (memory, self-care cognition, and anxiety). Related clinical and nursing applications were also discussed.
Highlights
Cognitive impairment, such as deterioration in memory, attention, and language, was considered as an inevitable trend of aging experienced by majority of elderly people (Folstein et al, 1985), the extent of which is strongly affected by individual variables and their interactions
In multivariate regression analysis on which the effects of exposure and non-exposure were checked (Table 1), the most significant factor that contributed to cognitive impairment was
Though numerous findings indicated that lifestyle and other sociodemographic factors impacted on cognitive performance (Mensink et al, 1997; Walsh, 2011; Roberts et al, 2015; Zhang et al, 2017; Clare et al, 2017), it is hard to explore the precise mechanism of each factor on cognitive change
Summary
Cognitive impairment, such as deterioration in memory, attention, and language, was considered as an inevitable trend of aging experienced by majority of elderly people (Folstein et al, 1985), the extent of which is strongly affected by individual variables (e.g., lifestyle, socioeconomic status) and their interactions. Combined Factors Predicting Cognitive Impairment even the detail of experienced things could clearly be recalled, while some peers could not remember their own name. As chronic and complicated characteristics, the effect of medical intervention to modify the course of cognitive impairment has not been effective and even hard to clearly attenuate impairment progression (Rocca et al, 2011). For cognitive impairment may be an agent of lifestyle-based causes, potentially modifiable behavioral factors are alternative to delay the onset of cognitive impairment (Friedman et al, 2015)
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