Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether combined exposure to fructose and bisphenol A (BPA) has a synergistic effect on abnormal lipid metabolism in the liver of developmental male rats and its possible mechanism. Fifty weaned male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: the control, 13% fructose, 20% fructose, 1 µg/mL BPA, and 13% fructose + 1 µg/mL BPA (combined exposure). Rats were exposed to fructose and/or BPA through drinking water for eight weeks. Genes or proteins regulating lipid metabolism include sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), zinc α 2 glycoprotein (ZAG) and estrogen receptor α (ERα), and the expression of proteins regulating inflammatory response, such as TLR4 and NF-κB, were determined. Serum total cholesterol (T-CHO), triglyceride (TG), low, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, HDL-C), blood glucose, insulin, IL-17 and TNF-α levels were also measured. Liver tissue morphology was observed by H&E staining. The results showed that the levels of gene and protein catalyzing lipogenesis were increased (SREBP1, ACC1 and FAS), while those catalyzing lipolysis were decreased (ATGL, HSL and ZAG), accompanied by dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hepatic fat accumulation, and there were higher expression of TLR4 and NF-κB protein and lower expression of ERα protein in liver, and increased serum IL-17 and TNF-α levels in fructose and/or BPA exposed rats compared with controls. Moreover, the above indicators were more serious in combined exposure group than in single exposure group. Therefore, abnormal lipid metabolism in the liver of developmental rats could be exacerbated by combined exposed to fructose and BPA.
Highlights
In recent years, the prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia has increased rapidly, which causes decreased quality of life and increased mortality due to their roles as important risk factors of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [1]
Often this coexist inaimed foodstoor beverages, and children have synergistic effects on abnormal lipid metabolism and its possible mechanism in developmental adolescents are the main consumers of these sugary products, this study aimed to explore whether rats
Our results indicate that combined exposure to fructose and bisphenol A (BPA) has a synergistic effect on increasing lipogenic enzymes and decreasing lipolytic enzymes, which is consistent with the more lipid droplets in rat liver tissue
Summary
The prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia has increased rapidly, which causes decreased quality of life and increased mortality due to their roles as important risk factors of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [1]. Dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated levels of triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), was once considered an adult disease, but with the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, it is becoming more and more common in children and adolescents. It is generally believed that obesity and dyslipidemia are related to heredity, high calorie food intake and less physical activity, etc. Epidemiological studies have shown that fructose intake is increasing among people, especially in children and adolescents [2,3]. Even in the absence of obesity, can cause. Public Health 2019, 16, 4152; doi:10.3390/ijerph16214152 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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