Combined effects of root-associated entomopathogenic and mycorrhizal fungi on the foliar pathogen Botrytis cinerea in tomato

Abstract

Many fungi live intimately associated with plants and may benefit or harm the host plant. Improved knowledge of such interactions is needed for increasing plant health and crop productivity by implementation of fungal inoculants. Co-inoculations of different beneficial fungi offer the possibility to understand complex plant–microbe interactions that may be functionally complementary for improved plant production and protection. Here, we studied the individual and combined effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae with three isolates of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), representing Metarhizium brunneum, M. robertsii and Beauveria bassiana, on protection against the foliar phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea and on plant growth. Seedlings of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. Moneymaker) were inoculated in the substrate with AMF or EPF alone and in dual combinations under greenhouse conditions. Inoculation with the different EPF isolates reduced lesion sizes of B. cinerea on inoculated tomato leaves, but only in the experimental repetition that showed highest level of disease severity. The AMF F. mosseae had no additional effect on B. cinerea lesion size in combinations with EPF. In the experimental repetition with least disease severity, the AMF treatment led to limited increase of B. cinerea lesion sizes. In general, F. mosseae caused an increase in plant biomass, and the co-inoculations of AMF and EPF did in some combinations increase plant growth. Below-ground interactions between AMF and EPF were observed, as the presence of AMF in the roots was associated with a decrease of EPF root colonization densities. However, AMF colonization rates were unaffected by EPF presence. The study indicated a functional complementarity between EPF and AMF by suppressing phytopathogens and increasing plant growth, respectively. However, it further revealed the challenge of obtaining consistent results of plant–microbe-phytopathogen interactions, which must be overcome for future implementation of beneficial fungi as inoculants in plant production.