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Abstract
Rare earth element pollution (REEs) and acid rain (AR) pollution simultaneously occur in many regions, which resulted in a new environmental issue, the combined pollution of REEs and AR. The effects of the combined pollution on the antioxidant enzyme system of plant roots have not been reported. Here, the combined effects of lanthanum ion (La3+), one type of REE, and AR on the antioxidant enzyme system of soybean roots were investigated. In the combined treatment of La3+ (0.08 mM) and AR, the cell membrane permeability and the peroxidation of cell membrane lipid of soybean roots increased, and the superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and reduced ascorbic acid served as scavengers of reactive oxygen species. In other combined treatments of La3+ (0.40 mM, 1.20 mM) and AR, the membrane permeability, malonyldialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase activity, peroxidase activity and reduced ascorbic acid content increased, while the catalase activity decreased. The increased superoxide dismutase activity, peroxidase activity and reduced ascorbic acid content were inadequate to scavenge the excess hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, leading to the damage of the cell membrane, which was aggravated with the increase in the concentration of La3+ and the level of AR. The deleterious effects of the combined treatment of La3+ and AR were stronger than those of the single treatment of La3+ or AR. Moreover, the activity of antioxidant enzyme system in the combined treatment group was affected directly and indirectly by mineral element content in soybean plants.
Highlights
Rare earth elements (REEs) exhibit useful physical and chemical properties that enable their wide applications in petroleum, metallurgy, textiles, ceramics, glassmaking, new materials production, and medicinesPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0134546 July 31, 2015Effects of Lanthanum (III) and Acid Rain on Soybean Roots
When soybean roots were treated with 0.08 mM La3+, the membrane permeability and MDA content of soybean roots were unchanged compared with those of the control (Table 1)
When soybean roots were treated with 0.08 mM La3+ and acid rain (AR) at pH 4.5, the membrane permeability was increased by 21.46%, 19.30% and 20.32%, respectively, compared with those of the control and the single treatment of 0.08 mM La3+ or AR at pH 4.5 (Table 1)
Summary
The control rain at pH 7.0 was prepared by adding Ca2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, SO42-, NO3-, Fand Cl- to deionised water, in which the Ca2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, SO42-, NO3-, F- and Clcontents were 0.83 μM, 1.32 μM, 0.15 μM, 5.34 μM, 0.36 μM, 0.64 μM, 0.47 μM, 0.69 μM and 1.80 μM, respectively. The simulated AR at pH 3.0, 3.5 and 4.5 were prepared by adjusting the pH of control rain with the additions of the concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 in a ratio of 1.10:1 (v/v, by chemical equivalents) [28,29]. The-P nutrient solution was prepared by replacing 1 mM KH2PO4 in the Hoagland’s solution (pH 7.0) with 1 mM KCl to avoid precipitation of lanthanum phosphate. The La3+ solutions with different concentrations (0.08, 0.40 or 1.20 mM) were prepared by dissolving appropriate quantities of LaCl3 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) in-P nutrient solution
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