Combined effect of solvent content, temperature and pH on the chromatographic behaviour of ionisable compounds

Abstract

The organic solvent content and the pH in the mobile phase are the usual main factors in reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separations, owing to their strong effects on retention and/or selectivity. Temperature is often neglected. However, even in cases where the impact of this factor on selectivity is minor, the reduction in analysis time is still an interesting reason to consider it. In addition, ionisable compounds may exhibit selectivity changes, owing to the interaction of organic solvent and/or temperature with pH. The separation of ionisable compounds (nine diuretics: bendroflumethiazide, benzthiazide, bumetanide, chlorthalidone, furosemide, piretanide, probenecid, trichloromethiazide and xipamide, and two β-blockers: oxprenolol and propranolol) exhibiting different acid–base behaviour was studied. The compounds were tested in a Zorbax SB C18 column under a wide range of conditions: 25–45% (v/v) acetonitrile, pH 3–7 and 20–50 °C. Models considering two factors (organic solvent/pH and temperature/pH), and three factors (organic solvent/temperature/pH) were developed from a previously reported equation, which considers the polarity contributions of solute, stationary and mobile phases. This allowed a comprehensive method to predict the retention of the 11 compounds, the modification of their acid–base behaviour (i.e. determination of protonation constants and shifts of the retention versus pH curves), and the selectivity changes within the studied factor ranges.