Combined Effect of Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Trajectories of Ultrasound-Measured Fetal Growth: A Birth Cohort Study in Beijing, China.

Zheng Liu,Shusheng Luo,Na Han,Chuyao Jin,Jue Liu,Hui Liu,Hai-Jun Wang,Xiangrong Xu

doi:10.1155/2020/4231892

Zheng Liu, Shusheng Luo + Show 6 more

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https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4231892

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Abstract

Objective Few studies have examined whether maternal 25(OH)D deficiency and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) jointly affect fetal growth. We aimed to examine the separate and combined effects of maternal 25(OH)D deficiency and GDM on trajectories of fetal growth. Methods We established a birth cohort (2016-2017) with 10,913 singleton pregnancies in Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing, China. Maternal 25(OH)D deficiency (serum 25(OH)D concentration < 20.0 ng/mL) was detected, and GDM was diagnosed at 24~28 gestational weeks. Fetal growth was assessed by longitudinal ultrasound measurements of estimated fetal weight (EFW) and abdominal circumference (AC) from 28 gestational weeks to delivery, both of which were standardized as gestational-age-adjusted Z-score. A k-means algorithm was used to cluster the longitudinal measurements (trajectories) of fetal growth. Logistic regression models were used for estimating exposure-outcome associations and additive interactions. Results We identified two distinct trajectories of fetal growth, and the faster one resembling the 90th centile curve in the reference population was classified as excessive fetal growth. Maternal 25(OH)D deficiency and GDM were independently associated with an increased risk of excessive fetal growth. The combination of maternal 25(OH)D deficiency and GDM was associated with an increased risk of excessive fetal growth assessed by EFW Z-score (odds ratio (OR): 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15~1.62) and AC Z-score (OR (95% CI): 1.32 (1.11~1.56)), but the relative excess risks attributable to interaction were nonsignificant (P > 0.05). Conclusion Maternal 25(OH)D deficiency and GDM may jointly increase the risk of excessive fetal growth. Interventions for pregnancies with GDM may be more beneficial for those with 25(OH)D deficiency than those without regarding risk of excessive fetal growth, if confirmed in a large sample.

Highlights

Excessive fetal growth elevates the risk of acute and longterm complications for mothers and their offspring [1, 2]
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an established risk factor [3], mothers who seemingly achieve adequate glycemic control continue to experience a greater risk of fetal overgrowth [4, 5]
We examined whether the combined effect of maternal 25(OH)D deficiency and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was larger than the sum of their separate effects on trajectories of fetal growth

Summary

Introduction

Excessive fetal growth elevates the risk of acute and longterm complications for mothers and their offspring [1, 2]. Vitamin D deficiency might be one of such potential contributors due to the important functions of vitamin D in fetal growth, including lipolysis, adipogenesis, and cell proliferation [6, 7]. Maternal vitamin D deficiency, assessed by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) [8], was shown to have a positive association with excessive fetal growth in some studies, but not others [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Most previous studies assessed fetal growth by using birth weight rather than ultrasound measurements. Ultrasound-measured fetal growth in utero appears to be associated with children’s

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Conclusion