Combined effect of Bacillus fortis IAGS 223 and zinc oxide nanoparticles to alleviate cadmium phytotoxicity in Cucumis melo

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd), prevailing in most of the agricultural lands of the world contaminates food chain, thereby causing several health implications. It has become the main heavy metal contaminant in most of the agricultural lands of Pakistan due to the widespread use of phosphate fertilizers besides application of irrigation water contaminated with industrial and mining effluents. Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are capable to enhance growth and metal stress tolerance in supplemented plants. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are capable to alleviate various abiotic stresses when applied to plants. During current research, the efficacy of single and combined application of Bacillus fortis IAGS 223 and ZnO-NPs was evaluated for alleviation of Cd (75 mg kg−1) induced phytotoxicity in Cucumis melo plants. For this purpose, C. melo plants, subjected to Cd stress were treated with B. fortis IAGS 223 and ZnO-NPs (20 mg kg−1), either alone or in combination. The growth relevant characteristics including photosynthetic pigments, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and activities of antioxidative enzymes as well as Zn and Cd contents in treated plants were examined. The individual application of ZnO-NPs and B. fortis IAGS 223 slightly enhanced all the above-mentioned growth characteristics in plants under Cd stress. However, the combined application of ZnO-NPs and B. fortis IAGS-223 considerably modulated the activity of antioxidant enzymes besides upgradation of the biochemicals and growth parameters of Cd stressed plants. The decreased amount of stress markers such as H2O2, and MDA in addition with reduction of Cd contents was observed in shoots of ZnO-NPs and B. fortis IAGS-223 applied plants. B. fortis IAGS-223 inoculated plants supplemented with ZnO-NPs, exhibited reduced amount of Cd as well as protein bound thiols and non-protein bound thiols under Cd stress. Subsequently, the reduced Cd uptake improved growth of ZnO-NPs and B. fortis IAGS-223 applied plants. Henceforth, field trials may be performed to formulate appropriate combination of ZnO-NPs and B. fortis IAGS-223 to acquire sustainable crop production under Cd stress.