Abstract
Understanding the triad of host response, microbiome and disease status is potentially informative for disease prediction, prevention, early intervention and treatment. Using longitudinal assessment of saliva and disease status, we demonstrated that partial least squares modelling of microbial, immunological and clinical measures, grouped children according to future dental disease status. Saliva was collected and dental health assessed in 33 children aged 4 years, and again 1-year later. The composition of the salivary microbiome was assessed and host defence peptides in saliva were quantified. Principal component analysis of the salivary microbiome indicated that children clustered by age and not disease status. Similarly, changes in salivary host defence peptides occurred with age and not in response to, or preceding dental caries. Partial least squares modelling of microbial, immunological and clinical baseline measures clustered children according to future dental disease status. These data demonstrate that isolated evaluation of the salivary microbiome or host response failed to predict dental disease. In contrast, combined assessment of both host response together with the microbiome revealed clusters of health and disease. This type of approach is potentially relevant to myriad diseases that are modified by host–microbiome interactions.
Highlights
The oral microbiome may offer indicators of both oral and systemic health[1] and disease[2]
In young children, concentrations of salivary antimicrobials were highly correlated within individuals, suggestive of conserved inflammatory stimuli; and we identified a significant positive correlation between the levels of S. mutans in plaque and the concentrations of salivary human neutrophil (alpha) peptides (HNPs)-1-3 and LL3716,17
We investigated the impact of gender on the mean values of salivary antimicrobials, salivary S. mutans and microbiome data and found no significant differences according to the gender of children
Summary
The oral microbiome may offer indicators of both oral and systemic health[1] and disease[2]. Previous studies have documented the DNA profile of the bacteria within the carious lesion itself, in the plaque associated with carious teeth[5,6], and in the saliva[7] These studies demonstrate some measurable differences in the microbiome, associated with health and disease. Their findings show variability, likely relating to the age of the participants, the stage of caries development and the site sampled. Saliva contains a complex mixture of innate antimicrobial proteins and adaptive immune mediators all of which are likely to have a significant impact on the microbial colonisation of the oral cavity, both directly on the microbiome and indirectly by modulating the host[8,9]. We sought to identify the relationship between microbiome and the host response evident in saliva, and clinical disease manifest as caries
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