Abstract
The study aimed at evaluating the effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on cardiac morphometry and function, oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters in diabetic ovariectomized rats. For this, female Wistar rats (10 weeks-old) were divided into 4 groups (n = 8): euglycemic (E), diabetic (streptozotocin, 50 mg/kg, iv) (D), diabetic ovariectomized (DO) and trained diabetic ovariectomized (TDO). The combined exercise training was performed on a treadmill and in a ladder adapted to rats (8 weeks, at 40–60% of maximal capacity). The left ventricle (LV) morphometry and function were evaluated by echocardiography. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were measured on ventricles tissue. The sedentary diabetic animals (D and DO) showed impaired systolic and diastolic functions, as well as increased cardiac overload, evaluated by myocardial performance index (MPI- D: 0.32 ± 0.05; DO: 0.39 ± 0.13 vs. E: 0.25 ± 0.07), in relation to E group. Systolic and MPI dysfunctions were exacerbated in DO when compared to D group. The DO group presented higher protein oxidation and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio than D groups. Glutathione redox ratio (GSH/GSSG) and IL-10 were decreased in both D and DO groups when compared to E group. Exercise training improved exercise capacity, systolic and diastolic functions and MPI (0.18±0.11). The TDO group showed reduced protein oxidation and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio and increased GSH/GSSG and IL-10 in relation to the DO group. These results showed that combined exercise training was able to attenuate the cardiac dysfunctions, probably by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in an experimental model of diabetes and menopause.
Highlights
Estrogen deficiency, insulin resistance, hypertension, pro-inflammatory state and a sedentary lifestyle have been associated with the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in menopausal women [1]
At the beginning of the protocol, when the animals were divided into their respective groups for subsequent ovariectomy procedure and diabetes induction, body weight was similar between groups
At the end of the protocol, the diabetic animals (D, diabetic ovariectomized (DO) and trained diabetic ovariectomized (TDO) groups) presented reduced body weight when compared to the euglycemic sham operated control animals (E group)
Summary
Insulin resistance, hypertension, pro-inflammatory state and a sedentary lifestyle have been associated with the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in menopausal women [1]. Heart disease is a major cause of mortality in women after menopause [2,3,4,5,6,7]. It should be stressed that oxidative stress in the myocardium plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy [14]. Both diabetic patients and animal models of diabetes mellitus display signs of oxidative damage in the heart tissue, such as lipid peroxidation, protein nitrosylation, and altered endogenous antioxidant enzyme levels [15]
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