Abstract
BackgroundOur previous work showed that the anti-TGF-β/PD-L1 bispecific antibody YM101 effectively overcame anti-PD-L1 resistance in immune-excluded tumor models. However, in immune-desert models, the efficacy of YM101 was limited. Bivalent manganese (Mn2+) is identified as a natural stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist, which might enhance cancer antigen presentation and improve the therapeutic effect of YM101.MethodsThe effect of Mn2+ on STING pathway was validated by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Dendritic cell (DC) maturation was measured by flow cytometry. The synergistic effect between Mn2+ and YM101 in vitro was determined by one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction, CFSE dilution assay, and cytokine detection. The in vivo antitumor effect of Mn2+ plus YM101 therapy was assessed in CT26, EMT-6, H22, and B16 tumor models. Flow cytometry, RNA-seq, and immunofluorescent staining were adopted to investigate the alterations in the tumor microenvironment.ResultsMn2+ could activate STING pathway and promote the maturation of human and murine DC. The results of one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction showed that Mn2+ synergized YM101 in T cell activation. Moreover, in multiple syngeneic murine tumor models, Mn2+ plus YM101 therapy exhibited a durable antitumor effect and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Relative to YM101 monotherapy and Mn2+ plus anti-PD-L1 therapy, Mn2+ plus YM101 treatment had a more powerful antitumor effect and a broader antitumor spectrum. Mechanistically, Mn2+ plus YM101 strategy simultaneously regulated multiple components in the antitumor immunity and drove the shift from immune-excluded or immune-desert to immune-inflamed tumors. The investigation in the TME indicated Mn2+ plus YM101 strategy activated innate and adaptive immunity, enhanced cancer antigen presentation, and upregulated the density and function of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This normalized TME and reinvigorated antitumor immunity contributed to the superior antitumor effect of the combination therapy.ConclusionCombining Mn2+ with YM101 has a synergistic antitumor effect, effectively controlling tumor growth and prolonging the survival of tumor-bearing mice. This novel cocktail strategy has the potential to be a universal regimen for inflamed and non-inflamed tumors.
Highlights
Our previous work showed that the anti-Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/PD-L1 bispecific antibody YM101 effectively overcame anti-PD-L1 resistance in immune-excluded tumor models
The gradient experiments showed that 1 mM or 0.5–1 mM Mn2+ led to an optimal activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway in Monocytederived dendritic cell (MoDC) or Bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) without significant cytotoxicity (Fig. 1d and e)
To test the effect of Mn2+ on dendritic cell (DC) maturation, immature MoDCs and BMDCs were treated with M n2+ or low-dose LPS for 24 h
Summary
Our previous work showed that the anti-TGF-β/PD-L1 bispecific antibody YM101 effectively overcame anti-PD-L1 resistance in immune-excluded tumor models. For a robust antitumor immune response, a sequence of stepwise events should be appropriately initiated, proceeded, and propagated [1]. This cyclic process starts with antigen release and ends with tumor-killing by immune cells [2, 3]. Α-PD-1/PD-L1 strategies mobilize a durable and potent antitumor immunity in some cancer patients, most patients could not benefit from this therapy [22, 23] For these patients, PD-1/PD-L1 is not the primary speedlimiting factor for antitumor immunity, and it is insufficient to normalize the dysregulated antitumor immune response by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 axis [24]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
