Combinatorial Libraries on Rigid Scaffolds: Solid Phase Synthesis of Variably Substituted Pyrazoles and Isoxazoles

Abstract

The synthesis of combinatorial compound libraries has become a powerful lead finding tool in modern drug discovery. The ability to synthesize rapidly, in high yield, new chemical entities with low molecular weight on a solid support has a recognized strategic relevance (“small molecule libraries”). We designed and validated a novel solid phase synthesis scheme, suitable to generate diversity on small heterocycles of the pyrazole and isoxazole type. Appropriate conditions were worked out for each reaction, and a variety of more or less reactive agents (building blocks) was utilized for discrete conversions, in order to exploit the system’s breadth of applicability. Four sequential reaction steps were validated, including the loading of the support with an acetyl bearing moiety, a Claisen condensation, an a-alkylation and a cyclization of a b-diketone with monosubstituted hydrazines. In a second stage, the reaction sequence was applied in a split and mix approach, in order to prepare a combinatorial library built-up from 4 acetyl carboxylic acids (R1), 35 carboxylic esters (R2) and 41 hydrazines (R4) (and 1 hydroxylamine) to yield a total of 11,760 compounds divided into 41 pyrazole sublibraries with 140 pairs of regioisomers and 1 isoxazole sublibrary of equal size.