Combinatorial approaches to functional models for galactose oxidase

Abstract

The copper enzyme galactose oxidase (GOase, EC 1.1.3.9) catalyses the oxidation of D-galactose and other primary alcohols in air to the corresponding aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide. The current mechanistic hypothesis for this two-electron redox reaction involves a Cu(I)/Cu(II) couple and the reversible oxidation of a ligating phenolate (tyrosine residue of the Tyr272-Cys228 conjugate) to a phenoxyl radical. Our approaches to functional models for galactose oxidase comprise both the use of low-molecular-weight copper complexes of a Schiff-base and sulfonamide ligands, and the synthesis/screening of combinatorial libraries. With regard to the latter, we have synthesized (by the IRORI-directed synthesis approach) peptide libraries carrying either His or the redox-active amino acids Tyr, mod-Cys (a model for the Tyr272-Cys228 conjugate) or TOAC (a TEMPO-derived alpha-amino acid) at four variable positions. After incubation with copper ions, the catalytically active library members were identified by specially designed screening methods.