Abstract
A key factor in initiating and operating the immune system against tumour cells, the dendritic cell (DC) has been regarded as the next possible breakthrough in new cancer therapy. However, the results of more than 15 years of clinical studies with DC vaccine revealed the difficulties fulfilling this expectation. Evidence has disclosed that the DC activation required for proper tumour-specific effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cell stimulation is inhibited in the micro-environment of tumour. Studies have further reported that DC phenotypes in tumour tissue and draining lymph nodes are mostly immature, which results in regulatory immune responses. Also, the existence of MDSCs and TAMs adversely affect both DC function and immune suppression in the cancer-environment. In this review, efforts to overcome the tumour or host-dependent hindering which inhibit the effect of cancer vaccine will be discussed. The combination therapy of cancer with DC vaccine and other immune modulators may improve the clinical efficacy.
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