Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been identified as one of the biggest health threats in the world. Current therapeutic options for common infections are markedly limited due to the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens in the community and the hospitals. The role of different essential oils (EOs) and their derivatives in exhibiting antimicrobial properties has been widely elucidated with their respective mechanisms of action. Recently, there has been a heightened emphasis on lavender essential oil (LEO)’s antimicrobial properties and wound healing effects. However, to date, there has been no review published examining the antimicrobial benefits of lavender essential oil, specifically. Previous literature has shown that LEO and its constituents act synergistically with different antimicrobial agents to potentiate the antimicrobial activity. For the past decade, encapsulation of EOs with nanoparticles has been widely practiced due to increased antimicrobial effects and greater bioavailability as compared to non-encapsulated oils. Therefore, this review intends to provide an insight into the different aspects of antimicrobial activity exhibited by LEO and its constituents, discuss the synergistic effects displayed by combinatory therapy involving LEO, as well as to explore the significance of nano-encapsulation in boosting the antimicrobial effects of LEO; it is aimed that from the integration of these knowledge areas, combating AMR will be more than just a possibility.
Highlights
The phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has escalated substantially over the past few decades and it has been ascertained to be one of the greatest global health crisis at present [1]
AMR can be broadly categorized into three different patterns of resistance exhibited in AMR-organisms: multi-drug resistant (MDR) is defined as acquired non-susceptibility to one agent in at least three or more different antimicrobial categories, extensively-drug resistant (XDR) means non-susceptibility to at least one agent in all but two or fewer antimicrobial categories, and pan-drug resistant (PDR) refers to non-susceptibility to all agents in all available antimicrobial categories [2]
This review aims to highlight the main antimicrobial properties that are exhibited by lavender essential oil (LEO) and their derivatives
Summary
The phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has escalated substantially over the past few decades and it has been ascertained to be one of the greatest global health crisis at present [1]. A specific group of MDR-organisms known as the “ESKAPEE” pathogens which encompasses seven different bacteria: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., and Escherichia coli, are the leading causes of hospital-acquired or nosocomial infections [5,6]. Combinatorial therapies incorporating the use of EOs has been shown by numerous in vitro studies to drastically potentiate the bactericidal effects against the MDR pathogens, which can be potential approaches in mitigating AMR [31,32] Such strategies can be adopted via a few different combinations:. LEOs in augmenting their antimicrobial effects will be outlined, including the advantages of nano-based approaches in potentiating the therapeutic benefits of LEOs
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