Combination of solid-phase extraction with microextraction techniques followed by HPLC for simultaneous determination of 2-methylimidazole and 4-methylimidazole in beverages

Abstract

A sensitive analytical method for the monitoring 2-methylimidazole and 4-methylimidazole (2-MI and 4-MI) is desirable due to their carcinogenic property. Here, we propose a highly sensitive method basing on the combination of solid-phase extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction techniques followed by high-performance liquid chromatography to simultaneously determine 2-MI and 4-MI in beverages. Dansyl chloride was used as a derivatizing reagent. Microextraction parameters were optimized by Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology. Results show that derivatization led to significant improvements in chromatographic behavior for 2-MI and 4-MI due to increased hydrophobicity. The method shows good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9985), satisfactory precision (%RSD ≤ 8.3%) and low limit of quantification (20 ng/mL), and was successfully applied to determine 2-MI and 4-MI in carbonated drinks, beers and energy drinks, achieving satisfactory recoveries (85–101%). This method provides a potential for routine analysis of 2-MI and 4-MI at the nanogram per milliliter level in beverages.