Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is an auto-immune disorder. Its usual symptoms are unique to each person. In MS lesions vast fractions of pyruvate molecules are instantly transformed into lactate. This reprogramming mechanism of glycolysis is known as the Warburg effect. MS has no efficient treatment yet. Hence, there is a requirement for profitable immunomodulatory agents in MS. Probiotics perform as an immunomodulator because they regulate the host’s immune responses. Its efficacy gets enhanced for an extended period when it combines with prebiotics. In this review, we focus on the metabolic alterations behind the MS lesions via the Warburg effect, and also suggesting, the combined efficacy of prebiotics and probiotics for the effective treatment of MS without side effects. The Warburg effect mechanism intensifies the infiltration of activated T-cells and B-cells into the CNS. It provokes the inflammation process on the myelin sheath. The infiltration of immune cells can be inhibited by the combination therapy of probiotics and prebiotics. By this review, we can recommend that the idea of this combinational therapy can do miracles in the treatment of MS in the future.
Highlights
In Multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions vast fractions of pyruvate molecules are instantly transformed into lactate
Its efficacy gets enhanced for an extended period when it combines with prebiotics
Te we focus on the metabolic alterations behind the MS lesions via the Warburg effect, and suggesting, the combined efficacy of prebiotics and probiotics for the effective treatment of MS without side effects
Summary
During MS the Wnt/Catenin, JAK/STAT, NF-kB and PI3/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways are over expressed. WNT ligands belong to the family of glycoproteins concurring in ip the chief regulator of the cell cycle, cell regulation and embryogenesis.[36] Altered PPAR37 and WNT/catenin[38] signaling pathways trigger demyelination through the Warburg effect.[39] The r JAK/STAT pathway is important for the potential development of both adaptive and innate immunity.[40,41] This specific pathway, abnormally expressed in MS, STAT3 and c STAT4 which releases cytokines for the extensive development of lesions on myelin sheath.42–. Enhanced levels of PI3/AKT/mTOR pathway remains a prominent sign of adaptive auton immunity because it regulates the T-cell activation, proliferation, and apoptosis.[50,51] The apparent magnitude of mTOR immune activation is directly proportional to a the communication between immune T cells and dendritic cells.[52] The enhanced mTOR signaling is observed only in the initial states of oligodendrocytes formation and not during the maturation phases.[53] targeting the PI3K/mTOR pathway might not represent a beneficial.
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