Abstract
Sensors are an important part of the organization required for robots to perceive the external environment. Self-powered sensors can be used to implement energy-saving strategies in robots and reduce their power consumption, owing to their low-power consumption characteristics. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and piezoelectric transducer (PE) are important implementations of self-powered sensors. Hybrid sensors combine the advantages of the PE and TENG to achieve higher sensitivity, wider measurement range, and better output characteristics. This paper summarizes the principles and research status of pressure sensors, displacement sensors, and three-dimensional (3D) acceleration sensors based on the self-powered TENG, PE, and hybrid sensors. Additionally, the basic working principles of the PE and TENG are introduced, and the challenges and problems in the development of PE, TENG, and hybrid sensors in the robotics field are discussed with regard to the principles of the self-powered pressure sensors, displacement sensors, and 3D acceleration sensors applied to robots.
Highlights
With the development of science and technology, intelligent robots have been developed through the fusion of multiple technologies, including machine vision technology, communication technology, sensor technology, and even biotechnology
Based on research pertaining to piezoelectric transducer (PE), triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), and PE–TENG hybrid (PTENG) sensors, this paper summarizes the principles used by these three sensors to realize pressure sensing, displacement sensing, and three-dimensional (3D)
Increasing the maximum charge density σ of the contact short-circuit current Isc is related to the speed at which the distance between the contact surface is very important for improving the output capability of the TENG
Summary
With the development of science and technology, intelligent robots have been developed through the fusion of multiple technologies, including machine vision technology, communication technology, sensor technology, and even biotechnology. The TENG structure is simple, easy to manufacture, and has low cost Owing to these characteristics, it is more convenient to use a TENG to convert wind energy [32], water wave energy [33], and the mechanical energy of human movement into electrical energy [34]. Because the TENG can flexibly select materials, and the materials can be soft materials [35], it can be effectively applied to soft robots [36] Owing to their particular structure and material characteristics, the PE sensor and TENG have their particular advantages and disadvantages in different application scenarios. The few sections introduce the research results obtained for PE, TENG, and hybrid self-generation sensors in the field of pressure sensors, displacement sensors, and spatial acceleration sensors over the last year. From references [42,43]), and PE–TENG hybrid (reproduced with permission from references [44,45])
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