Abstract
Simple SummaryThe khapra beetle is defined as one of the most important quarantine pests globally, and fumigating by methyl bromide, one of the ozone-depleting substances under the Montreal Protocol, is a routine measure used for phytosanitary treatment. To protect the Ozone layer, an environmentally friendly measure is needed to be developed. The middle- to late-stage larvae and adults were treated with irradiation, modified atmosphere (MA) alone, and their combinations at room temperature of 24–26 ℃. As a result, late-stage larvae are determined as the most tolerant stage. Ionizing radiation was used to enhance the effects of 1% and 2% O2 MA treatments that the obvious synergistic effects are presented in all combinations, resulted in saving as high as 60% of the estimated exposure times comparing with MA treatment alone. A total of 111,366 late-stage larvae were exposed to a 1% O2 atmosphere for 14 or 15 days after a 200 Gy irradiation, resulted in no survivor in the validating tests. Therefore, the MA-irradiation combination treatment can provide quarantine security at a very high level, it may be combined with international transportation (train or sea container) to disinfest the commodities infested by khapra beetle and other stored products insect pests.The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts, is defined as one of the most important quarantine pests globally, and fumigation with methyl bromide, an ozone-depleting substance, is a common phytosanitary measure currently used. The modified atmosphere (MA), irradiation, and their combination treatments of T. granarium larvae and adults were performed at room temperature (24–26 ℃) to develop an ecofriendly phytosanitary disinfestation measure and to shorten the exposure time and overcome treatment disadvantages of irradiation. Late-stage larvae are determined as the most tolerant stage resulted in large LT99.9968 values of 32.6 (29.2–37.5) and 38.0 (35.1–41.7) days treated under 1% and 2% O2 (with N2 balance) atmosphere, respectively. Ionizing radiation was used to enhance the effect of MA and the mortality was highly significantly affected by all the interaction effects, indicating that the synergistic effects present in all the combined treatments. The synergistic ratios, which is defined as the estimated lethal time for MA treatment (LD90, LD99, and LD99.9968), divided by that of combined treatment, were between 1.47 and 2.47. In the confirmatory tests, no individuals recovered from a sum of 111,366 late-stage larvae treated under 1% O2 atmosphere for 14- or 15-d after 200 Gy irradiation, which resulted in validating the probit estimations and achieving an efficacy of 99.9973% mortality at 95% confidence level. Therefore, these treatment schedules are recommended to disinfest T. granarium infecting commodities for phytosanitary purposes under the warehouse, MA packaging, or in combination with international transportation by train or sea container.
Highlights
The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is endemic to India, but viable populations may survive in almost any country in a closed storage environment [1]
Mortality of T. granarium generally increased with increasing exposure time and radiation dose, while complete mortality was not 7 to 28-d) and radiation dose, while complete mortality was not achieved in adults or mixed-stage larvae either (Figure 1)
The combination treatment of low-oxygen modified atmosphere (MA) and irradiation have been confirmed to be an effective measure to disinfest the khapra beetle that is highly resistant to each of the treatment, since a minimum of 32.6 (29.2–37.5) and 38.0 (35.1–41.7) days were required to achieve a mortality of 99.9968% at 95% confidence level for late-stage larvae treated at 1% or 2% O2 atmosphere, respectively
Summary
The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is endemic to India, but viable populations may survive in almost any country in a closed storage environment [1]. Damage can be severe with weight losses of between 5–30% and, in extreme cases, 73% worldwide [2]. It is ranked as one of the 100 worst invasive species worldwide [3]. Like most stored product insects, T. granarium was introduced to other continents in recent centuries through international trade, even though adults do not fly. The khapra beetle is currently present in more than 40 countries of Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. It is listed as a quarantine species by the European and Mediterranean Plant
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