Combination of All-trans Retinoic Acid and Interferon-gamma Suppressed PI3K/Akt Survival Pathway in Glioblastoma T98G Cells whereas NF-κB Survival Signaling in Glioblastoma U87MG Cells for Induction of Apoptosis

Abstract

Phosphatase and tension homolog located on chromosome ten (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor as it negatively regulates activation of Akt. Mutation or deletion of PTEN has been found in as high as 80% of glioblastomas, which harbor aberrant cell signaling passing through the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt (PI3K/Akt) survival pathway. Glioblastoma cells without functional PTEN are not easily amenable to apoptosis. We investigated the possibility of modulation of signal transduction pathways for induction of apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G (PTEN-harboring) and U87MG (PTEN-deficient) cell lines after treatment with the combination of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Treatment with ATRA plus IFN-gamma stimulated PTEN expression and suppressed Akt activation in T98G cells, whereas no PTEN expression but Akt activation in U87MG cells under the same conditions. Pretreatment of U87MG cells with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 could prevent Akt activation. Interestingly, ATRA plus IFN-gamma could significantly decrease cell viability and increase morphological features of apoptosis in both cell lines. Combination of ATRA and IFN-gamma showed more efficacy than IFN-gamma alone in causing apoptosis that occurred due to increases in Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, and caspase-3 activity. Luciferase reporter gene assay showed that combination of ATRA and IFN-gamma significantly down regulated transcriptional activity of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), a survival signaling factor, in U87MG cells. Thus, combination of ATRA and IFN-gamma caused significant amounts of apoptosis in T98G cells due to suppression of the PI3K/Akt survival pathway while the same treatment caused apoptosis in U87MG cells due to down regulation of the NF-kappaB activity. Therefore, the combination of ATRA and IFN-gamma could modulate different survival signal transduction pathways for induction of apoptosis and should be considered as an effective therapeutic strategy for controlling the growth of both PTEN-harboring and PTEN-deficient glioblastomas.