Combination of a two-step fluorescence assay and a two-step anti-Factor Xa assay for detection of heparin falsifications and protein in heparins

Abstract

There are several methods for sensitive detection of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in heparin. Although contamination with OSCS is unlikely to be repeated, use of other compounds to counterfeit heparin must be considered. We have previously developed a two-step fluorescence microplate assay (two-step FI assay) for detection of OSCS. First, the heparin sample is incubated with heparinase I, then its increasing effect on the fluorescence intensity (FI) of the sensor molecule Polymer-H is measured (PolyH assay). The high sensitivity of the assay is shown to be based on heparinase I inhibition by OSCS. The objective of this study was to evaluate another assay option - indirect quantification of OSCS after heparinase I incubation by means of the anti-Factor Xa (aXa) activity of the remaining undegraded heparin (two-step aXa assay). We also examined, whether other heparin mimetics (HepM), direct Factor Xa inhibitors (DXI), and protein impurities are detectable by use of these assays. Heparin was spiked with different amounts of HepM including OSCS, pentosan polysulfate, dextran sulfate, curdlan sulfate, the natural contaminant dermatan sulfate, the DXI rivaroxaban, and BSA as a protein. These samples were compared with pure heparin in the two-step FI assay, the two-step aXa assay, and in the PolyH assay and the aXa assay without heparinase I incubation. Both two-step assays sensitively measured contamination with all the HepM (LOD ≤ 0.5%, LOQ ≤ 0.7%). The two-step aXa assay also detected rivaroxaban (LOD 0.3%, LOQ 0.4%), whereas the two-step FI assay was shown to be suited to determination of protein impurities (LOD 0.11%, LOQ 0.13%). Use of two different heparinase I inactivation procedures enabled clear differentiation between protein, HepM, and both contaminants. Finally, with the aXa assay the heparin potency can be determined in the same assay run, whereas the FI increase in the PolyH assay was shown to be useful for identification. In conclusion, both the two-step FI assay and the two-step aXa assay are sensitive, rapid, and simple tests for the detection of counterfeit heparin. Comprehensive information about heparin quality can be obtained by their combined use and the parallel measurement of non-incubated heparin samples.