Abstract
Endocrine related disorders have increased in human and wildlife due to the exposure of the endocrine disruptors (EDs). Estrogenic EDs can generate combination effects when they are present in a mixture at a concentration that does not individually induce observable effects. Therefore, this study was performed to characterize the reproductive toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA) and isobutylparaben (IBP) exposed to Ulva pertusa (U. pertusa), and also to determine the combined effects of BPA and IBP in U. pertusa. The median sporulation inhibition concentrations (EC50) of individual BPA and IBP exposure in U. pertusa showed 23.84 mg/L and 15.65 mg/L, respectively. The inhibition on sporulation of U. pertusa to a mixture of BPA and IBP at EC50 level was observed to be higher when compared to individual exposure. In conclusion, reproduction inhibition to a mixture of BPA and IBP exposure at EC50 levels was relatively greater than individual exposure to U. pertusa.
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