Abstract
Interactions of novel bi-dimensional nanomaterials and live matter such as bacteria and viruses represent an extremely hot topic due to the unique properties of the innovative nanomaterials, capable in some cases to exhibit bactericide and antiviral actions. The interactions between bacteria and viruses and two dimensional nanosheets are here investigated. We extensively studied the interaction between a gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli, and a gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, with two different types of 2D nanoflakes such as MoS2, belonging to the Transition Metal Dichalcogenides family, and Graphene Oxide. The same two types of nanomaterials were employed to study their antiviral action toward the Herpes simplex virus type-1, (HSV-1). The experimental results showed different bactericide impacts as well as different antiviral power between the two nanomaterials. The experimental findings were interpreted in bacteria on the base of the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek theory. A simple kinetic model of bacterial growth in the presence of the interacting nanosheets is also elaborated, to explain the observed results. The experimental results in viruses are really novel and somewhat surprising, evidencing a stronger antiviral action of Graphene Oxide as compared to MoS2. Results in viruses are complicated to quantitatively interpret due to the complexity of the system under study, constituted by virus/host cell and nanoflake, and due to the lack of a well assessed theoretical context to refer to. Thus, these results are interpreted in terms of qualitative arguments based on the chemical properties of the interactors in the given solvent medium.
Highlights
Two dimensional materials (2DMs) have become one of the most explored areas of material science over the past decade because of their outstanding properties which have opened a way for an unparalleled scientific and technological number of applications. 2DMs are the ultrathin nanomaterials with high degree of anisotropy and chemical functionality (Chimene et al, 2015)
We found intriguing antibacterial and antiviral action of both graphene oxide (GO) and MoS2 NSs on the tested E. coli, S. aureus bacteria and HSV-1
To explain the obtained antibacterial results we developed a refinement of models based on the Derjaguin–Landau– Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory, considering the role of electrostatic and van der Waals (vdW) interactions in the attachment efficacy of a given 2DMs with the bacteria under study
Summary
Two dimensional materials (2DMs) have become one of the most explored areas of material science over the past decade because of their outstanding properties which have opened a way for an unparalleled scientific and technological number of applications. 2DMs are the ultrathin nanomaterials with high degree of anisotropy and chemical functionality (Chimene et al, 2015). 2D TMDs held a great promise in electronics and optoelectronics because of their captivating properties Besides this 2D TMDs have been used in combination with Gr in applications such as field effect transistors (Late et al, 2012), energy storage (Yun et al, 2018), nano-biosensors (Yu et al, 2017), photo catalysis (Quinn et al, 2013; Hai et al, 2016) and biomedical sciences (Kaur et al, 2018), to name only a few (Wang et al, 2015; Sun and Wu, 2018) (Huang et al, 2013; Kong et al, 2013). To utilize the 2D TMDs in biomedical applications, green and scalable production routes are critically required to understand their fate when in combination with living matter Control over their production route will endow them with significant biocompatibility and tunable surface chemistry. Coleman and colleagues first utilized the liquid phase exfoliation (LPE), to be the most promising route to obtain clean and large scale production of monolayer and few-layer MoS2/WS2 NSs in numerous solvents by exploiting the concept of surface tension (Cunningham et al, 2012; Nicolosi et al, 2013; Backes et al, 2016b)
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