Abstract
In this study, column leaching experiments were carried out to investigate the extraction of Ni and Co from low-grade limonitic laterites from Agios Ioannis mines in central Greece. Tests were carried out in laboratory Plexiglas columns using H2SO4 as leaching solution. Parameters determining the efficiency of the process, i.e., acid concentration (0.5 M or 1.5 M) and addition of 20 or 30 g/L of sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) in the leaching solution, were also studied. Upflow transport of the leaching solution with the use of peristaltic pumps was carried out, while the pregnant leach solution (PLS) was recycled several times over the entire test duration. The concentration of Ni, Co, Fe, Ca, Al, Mg, and Mn in the PLS was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The ore and the leaching residues were characterized by different techniques, i.e., X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry (DSC/TG). The experimental results showed that (i) Ni and Co extractions increased with the increase of H2SO4 concentration—60.2% Ni and 59.0% Co extractions were obtained after 33 days of leaching with 1.5 M H2SO4; (ii) addition of 20 g/L Na2SO3 in the leaching solution resulted in higher extraction percentages for both metals (73.5% for Ni and 84.1% for Co, respectively), whereas further increase of Na2SO3 concentration to 30 g/L only marginally affected Ni and Co extractions; and (iii) when leaching was carried out with 1.5 M H2SO4 and 20 g/L Na2SO3, its selectivity was improved, as deduced from the ratios Ni/Mg, Ni/Ca and Ni/Al in the PLS; on the other hand, the ratio Ni/Fe dropped as a result of the higher Fe extraction compared with that of Ni.
Highlights
Nickel is the fifth most common element on earth and is widely used in many industrial, transport, aerospace, marine, architectural, military, and consumer applications
It is known that conventional mineral processing techniques cannot be readily applied to laterites due to the complex nature of the ores and the fact that nickel is hosted in several mineral phases [7,8]
A quantity of 2 g of each ore sample and leaching residue was digested with the use of aqua regia and analyzed with Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) to carry out mass balance calculations [27]
Summary
Nickel is the fifth most common element on earth and is widely used in many industrial, transport, aerospace, marine, architectural, military, and consumer applications. It must be underlined that nickel is considered today as the most important metal by mass in the Li-ion battery cathodes used by electric vehicle manufacturers [2]. Sulphide ores comprise about 30% of the global nickel reserves and result in almost 55% of world metal production [3]. The gradual depletion of high-grade nickel sulphides and the increasing demand for nickel has initiated studies into the exploitation of the huge reserves of nickel laterites [4,5,6]. It is known that conventional mineral processing techniques cannot be readily applied to laterites due to the complex nature of the ores and the fact that nickel is hosted in several mineral phases [7,8]
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