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Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are neurotoxic agents also used as pesticides that can permanently block the active site of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE). A robust and sensitive detection system of OPs utilising the enzyme mimic potential of the cysteamine capped gold nanoparticles (C-AuNPs) was developed. The detection assay was performed by stepwise addition of AChE, parathion ethyl (PE)-a candidate OP, acetylcholine chloride (ACh), C-AuNPs, and 3, 3′, 5, 5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the buffer solution. The whole sensing protocol completes in 30–40 min, including both incubations. The Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) results indicated that the NPs are spherical and have an average size of 13.24 nm. The monomers of C-AuNPs exhibited intense catalytic activity (nanozyme) for the oxidization of TMB, revealed by the production of instant blue colour and confirmed by a sharp peak at 652 nm. The proposed biosensor’s detection limit and linear ranges were 5.8 ng·mL−1 and 11.6–92.8 ng·mL−1, respectively, for PE. The results strongly advocate that the suggested facile colorimetric biosensor may provide an excellent platform for on-site monitoring of OPs.
Highlights
Organophosphates (OPs) are commonly used as chemical warfare agents and pesticides in developing countries due to their low cost, wide availability, and high potency [1,2]. Due to their inclusive efficacy as insecticides, herbicides, nematicide, and fungicides; the OP pesticides have extensively been applied in agricultural pest control
The presence of OPs leads to the malfunctioning of the central and peripheral nervous system by blocking the active site of AChE (EC 3.1.1.7), a prime functioning enzyme of the nervous system and the neurotransmitters
Enzyme-based biosensors can be an excellent alternative for detecting insecticides and pesticides, including OPs, because these toxins are enriched with compounds that can block the diverse enzymes of insects and pests [19], including AChE
Summary
Organophosphates (OPs) are commonly used as chemical warfare agents and pesticides in developing countries due to their low cost, wide availability, and high potency [1,2]. Enzyme-based biosensors can be an excellent alternative for detecting insecticides and pesticides, including OPs, because these toxins are enriched with compounds that can block the diverse enzymes of insects and pests [19], including AChE Oxidase mimicking materials such as MnO2 nanosheets and surfacemodified cerium oxide nanoparticles have been used to generate signals for detection of OPs by colorimetry via TMB oxidation [20,21]. The term “nanozyme” was coined first time to describe gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possessing the capability of transphosphorylation [25] Nanozymes are those nanomaterials capable of mimicking the functions of enzymes [26] as these easy-to-synthesise materials exhibited higher stability than proteins under harsh conditions [27,28]. Colorimetric nanozyme based biosensing of OPs is a simple approach due to the on-site monitoring of these compounds with naked eyes, and without the requirements of readout instrument
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