Abstract
We review the theoretical interpretation of deep-inelastic electron–proton scattering at low values of the Bjorken variable x ≃Q2/W2 ≲ 0.1. The process proceeds via the interaction of quark–antiquark [Formula: see text] color-dipole fluctuations of the (virtual) photon with the proton. In terms of the forward Compton scattering amplitude, two reaction channels contribute to the interaction of the [Formula: see text] color dipole with the gluon field in the proton. Dependent on the kinematics, there is either color transparency, corresponding to a cancellation of the amplitudes for the two reaction channels, or saturation, occurring when the process is dominated by a single interaction channel. The connection between the color-dipole picture and the pQCD improved parton model is elaborated upon.
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