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Abstract
Human gut microbes are a profitable tool for the modification of food compounds into biologically active metabolites. The biological properties of catechins have been extensively investigated. However, the bioavailability of catechin in human blood plasma is very low. This study aimed to determine the biotransformed catechin metabolites and their bioactive potentials for modulating the immune response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Biotransformation of catechin was carried out using in-vitro gut microbial biotransformation method, the transformed metabolites were identified and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). Present observations confirmed that the catechin was biotransformed into 11 metabolites upon microbial dehydroxylation and C ring cleavage. Further, immunomodulatory potential of catechin metabolites was analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We found up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4, IL-10) and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory (IL-16, IL-12B) cytokine may be due to Th2 immune response. In conclusion, biotransformed catechin metabolites enhance anti-inflammatory cytokines which is beneficial for overcoming inflammatory disorders.
Highlights
Human health is directly influenced by the immune system, which is designed to provide the host protection against harmful foreign substances
The aim of the present study was to investigate in vitro microbial biotransformation and the effect of biotransformed metabolites on the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-β, (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β), and GM-CSF
Our results indicate that cytokine secretion by PBMCs due to the cytokine secretion by PBMCs due tometabolites the stimulation colonic catechin metabolites stimulation of colonic catechin was of dependent on structure, suchwas as dependent monomeric on structure, such monomeric effect of BTMFA due to presence of hydroxylated flavanols
Summary
Human health is directly influenced by the immune system, which is designed to provide the host protection against harmful foreign substances. Almost all infectious diseases are the result of an inadequate immune response [1]. Green tea has been consumed for centuries due to its health benefits [2]. Green tea extract contains different polyphenols, such as catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and epicatechin gallate (ECG), that are responsible for various health benefits, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties, and protection against cardiovascular diseases, among others [3]. A number of studies have demonstrated that catechin is poorly absorbed and is excreted to a small extent in urine [4,5]. The fate and bioavailability of catechin, including intestinal absorption, distribution in human tissue, and excretion, must be established
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