Abstract
Desde a colonização holandesa no Cabo, o espaço sul-africano passou a constituir um efetivo ponto geoestratégico, inicialmente ancorado no mercantilismo da metrópole, e posteriormente, com a chegada britânica, realiza um processo de abertura comercial e de expansiva colonização territorial de europeus e também populações asiáticas afiançadas pelos ingleses. Após duas guerras internas, a África do Sul chega ao início do século XX a um entendimento político, formando a União Sul-Africana, que abre espaço, após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, para a ascensão de um regime nacionalista conservador, responsável pelo recrudescimento da segregação racial já vigente. Reconhecido bastião anticomunista no meridional africano, a África do Sul desenvolve no século XX capacidades militares e uma economia nacional de mercado sem equiparação no continente todo. Enquanto afirma seu projeto nacional, o país encontra-se limitado pelo crescente descrédito da comunidade internacional, que, através da ONU e da OEA, impõe embargos e boicotes ao governo sul-africano.
Highlights
South Africa is certainly one of the few countries that has assimilated in such a significant way two distinct colonization processes, at different times
The subsequent exodus of the Boers2 enabled a cult for their selfassertion, and the South African space was filled by successive battles over the territory between the Boers, the English, and native peoples
At the end of the nineteenth century, the discovery of mineral riches on an unprecedented scale marked the transition from an economy still lagging behind to one with a modernizing foundation, with the development of a sophisticated financial system initially directed at the primary-exporting matrix, which would later on become the anchor for the incipient process of South African industrialization
Summary
South Africa is certainly one of the few countries that has assimilated in such a significant way two distinct colonization processes, at different times. The departure of the Portuguese empire from southern Africa in the 1970s coincided with the end of the Bretton Woods pact, presenting new difficulties for South Africans They were in a troubled process of containment of the nationalist guerrillas in the countries of the region, at the same time that their economy was stagnating with the impossibility of increasing the internal productivity and the significant changes in the international financial system. Amin (1976) states that the predominance of the simple mode of commodity production is rare, being found in New England between 1600 and 1750, in South Africa of the Boers between 1650 and 1880, and in Australia and New Zealand from the beginning of white colonization until the rise of modern capitalism These societies of small farmers and free artisans converged on a modus that had a strong tendency to turn into a fully developed capitalist formation. 152 Dual colonialism and the formation of the national state: the south african case
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