Abstract
Abstract Xanten is the nearest modern town to the site of the Roman town of Colonia Ulpia Traiana , founded in ca. 99 ce . It was previously, for all of the first century ce , a settlement of the local Ciberni tribe. Excavation has revealed much about the defenses and some of the public and private buildings within, including classical‐style and Romano‐Celtic temples, a large bath, and an amphitheater. Its heyday was in the second century; it was damaged in third‐century barbarian attacks and a late Roman fort (?) was erected around the central part of the town in the late third century.
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