Abstract

Colorectal cancers (CRCs) are commonly diagnosed malignancy in both men and women. Although it is a common disease, mortality rates decrease with widespread use of screening methods and novel developments in surgery. Physical examination, abdomen and pelvic computerized tomography, and chest imaging are necessary for preoperative staging and surgical planning of a newly diagnosed colon cancer. CRCs usually develop from adenomatous polyps. Although curative treatment of localized colon cancer is surgery, endoscopic polypectomy is sufficient when severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ is detected on a polyp surface. Total mesorectal excision and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in rectum cancers resulted in significant reductions in morbidity, mortality, and recurrence rates. Recently, complete mesocolic excision and central vascular ligation method has been described in the surgical treatment of colon cancer to achieve similar results. Unfortunately, metastatic colon cancer rate at presentation is approximately 20%. Surgery is a potentially curative option in selected patients with liver and lung metastasis. Pathologic stage of the tumor at presentation is the most important prognostic factor after resection. Therefore, early diagnosis of colon cancer by screening methods and new surgical techniques will lead to better results in survival rates.

Highlights

  • Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in women and third in men with an estimation of approximately 1.4 million new cases globally [1]

  • Men are more affected than women in most of the world with a higher incidence in North America and Europe and, lower incidence in South-Central Asia and Africa [1]. It is a common disease, mortality rates decrease with novel developments in surgery and widespread use of screening methods such as colonoscopy, computed tomography colonoscopy, fecal occult blood test

  • In the United States, decrease in CRC mortality rates has been shown in the Survey of Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program [2]

Read more

Summary

Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in women and third in men with an estimation of approximately 1.4 million new cases globally [1]. Men are more affected than women in most of the world with a higher incidence in North America and Europe and, lower incidence in South-Central Asia and Africa [1] It is a common disease, mortality rates decrease with novel developments in surgery and widespread use of screening methods such as colonoscopy, computed tomography colonoscopy, fecal occult blood test. The risk of developing CRC in obese and sedentary individuals increases like other cancers [7]. The risk of developing CRC in individuals with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease is significantly increased [8]. Screening colonoscopy for CRC has been recommended annually for patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 8–10 years after the first symptoms of the disease [10]

Pathogenesis
Chromosomal instability
Microsatellite instability (MSI)
CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
Treatment
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
Genetic testing
Medical treatment and chemoprevention
Surgical treatment
MutYH-associated polyposis (MAP)
Clinical findings of colon cancer
Diagnosis and preoperative evaluation in colon cancer
Staging
Findings
Prognosis
Full Text
Published version (Free)

Talk to us

Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have

Schedule a call