Abstract
Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are receiving a lot of attention nowadays, due to their exceptionally high photoluminescence quantum yields reaching almost 100% and tunability of their optical band gap over the entire visible spectral range by modifying composition or dimensionality/size. We review recent developments in the direct synthesis and ion exchange-based reactions, leading to hybrid organic–inorganic (CH3NH3PbX3) and all-inorganic (CsPbX3) lead halide (X=Cl, Br, I) perovskite NCs, and consider their optical properties related to quantum confinement effects, single emission spectroscopy and lasing. We summarize recent developments on perovskite NCs employed as an active material in several applications such as light-emitting devices, solar cells and photodetectors, and provide a critical outlook into the existing and future challenges. Although research into perovskite nanocrystals is still in its infancy, they are expected to be major players in future nanoscience. Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals are attracting much interest because their quantum yields for photoluminescence are approaching 100% and their optical band gap can be tuned over the entire visible wavelength region – properties that make them promising for use in lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar cells. Andrey Rogach of City University of Hong Kong and co-workers review the latest developments in the synthesis (of both hybrid organic-inorganic and all-inorganic nanocrystals), optical properties (quantum confinement effects, single particle emission and lasing studies) and applications (LEDs, solar cells and photodiodes) of these materials. They outline some of the many remaining challenges, but state their confidence that these should soon be overcome. This review summarizes recent developments in the direct synthesis and ion exchange-based reactions leading to hybrid organic–inorganic and all-inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. Optical properties related to quantum confinement effects, single emission spectroscopy and lasing are considered. Perovskite nanocrystals have been employed as an active material in several applications such as light-emitting devices, solar cells and photodetectors.
Highlights
We review recent developments in the direct synthesis and ion exchange-based reactions, leading to hybrid organic–inorganic (CH3NH3PbX3) and all-inorganic (CsPbX3) lead halide (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite NCs, and consider their optical properties related to quantum confinement effects, single emission spectroscopy and lasing
We summarize recent developments on perovskite NCs employed as an active material in several applications such as light-emitting devices, solar cells and photodetectors, and provide a critical outlook into the existing and future challenges
This review provides an overview of the up-to-date developments in the synthesis of hybrid organic– inorganic and all-inorganic perovskite NCs, their attractive optical properties and related emerging applications
Summary
Metal halide perovskite materials have attracted great scientific and technological interest in recent years, due to their attractive optical and electronic properties[1,2,3,4] combined with low cost and solution processability, which greatly contribute to their high potential for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices (LEDs).[1,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13] The earliest scientific work on perovskites was conducted in the late 70s by Weber,[14,15,16] who characterized these materials in detail. In 2012, a strong PL from such nanoparticles was observed, again in a mesoporous material, in this case synthesized by a template method.[20] The two methods were similar, with a precursor solution spin-coated onto a porous Al2O3 film and a rapid crystallization of the perovskite on evaporation of the solvent in the latter case This constituted the first report on the preparation of luminescent perovskite NCs. The first solution-based synthesis of colloidal MAPbBr3 NCs was carried out by the Pérez-Prieto and colleagues,[30] who employed medium-length alkyl chain organic ammonium cations, octylammonium bromide and octadecylammonium bromide as capping ligands to obtain luminescent NCs via the solvent-induced reprecipitation method. Zhang et al developed a ligand-assisted re-precipitation technique to produce brightly luminescent colloidal MAPbBr3 NC with a PLQY up to 70%.23 Unlike the study by Pérez-Prieto and colleagues,[30]
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