Abstract
In the scope of the Physics Beyond Colliders studies, the Gamma-Factory initiative proposes the use of partially stripped ions as a driver of a new type of high-intensity photon source in CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In 2018, the LHC accelerated and stored partially stripped $^{208}\text{Pb}^{81+}$ ions for the first time. The collimation system efficiency recorded during this test was found to be prohibitively low, so that only a very low-intensity beam could be stored without the risk of triggering a beam dump when regular, minor beam losses occur. The worst losses were localised in the dispersion suppressor of the betatron-cleaning insertion. This article presents an analysis to understand in detail the source of these losses. Based on this understanding, possible mitigation measures that could significantly improve the cleaning efficiency and enable regular operation with partially-stripped ions in the future are developed.
Highlights
The CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is designed to provide proton collisions at an energy of 7 TeV per beam and heavy-ion collisions at the equivalent magnetic rigidity [1]
The first run with partially stripped ions (PSI) beams in the LHC was performed during machine development (MD) studies in July 2018 [10,11], where 208Pb81þ ions with one electron left were injected and stored in the LHC
This apparent discrepancy could be explained by the fact that a full quantitative comparison in Fig. 4 cannot be made, since the beam loss monitors (BLMs) measurement is sensitive to the secondary shower particles that emerge outside of the impacted elements, while our simulations show the number of primary nuclei impacting on the aperture or disintegrating on the collimators
Summary
The CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is designed to provide proton collisions at an energy of 7 TeV per beam and heavy-ion collisions at the equivalent magnetic rigidity [1]. It consists of eight arcs and eight straight insertion regions (IRs). These findings clearly put in question the overall feasibility to operate the LHC with PSI beams of sufficient intensities for a future GF facility. V, different mitigation strategies for the found limitations are outlined and investigated, including a new DS collimator, crystal collimation, or an orbit bump
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