Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is a hemibiotrophic ascomycetous fungus that causes economically important anthracnose diseases on numerous monocot and dicot crops worldwide. As a model pathosystem, the Colletotrichum–Arabidopsis interaction has the significant advantage that both organisms can be manipulated genetically. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the system and to point out recent significant studies that update our understanding of the pathogenesis of C. higginsianum and resistance mechanisms of Arabidopsis against this hemibiotrophic fungus. The genome sequence of C. higginsianum has provided insights into how genome structure and pathogen genetic variability has been shaped by transposable elements, and allows systematic approaches to longstanding areas of investigation, including infection structure differentiation and fungal–plant interactions. The Arabidopsis-Colletotrichum pathosystem provides an integrated system, with extensive information on the host plant and availability of genomes for both partners, to illustrate many of the important concepts governing fungal–plant interactions, and to serve as an excellent starting point for broad perspectives into issues in plant pathology.
Highlights
Colletotrichum is a large ascomycete genus comprising more than 190 species, many of which cause devastating diseases on a large range of agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide [1]
Two largescale genome projects have been completed for C. higginsianum aiming to produce high-quality assemblies to provide resources for comparative genomics and molecular analyses of fungal pathogenicity, which allow the identification of genes relevant to each stage of plant infection
These results indicate that the MAPK pathway is involved in a critical conserved role to control the pathogenicity and growth of C. higginsianum through the extracellular signal transmission compared to other phytopathogenic fungi
Summary
Colletotrichum is a large ascomycete genus comprising more than 190 species, many of which cause devastating diseases on a large range of agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide [1]. As a typical hemibiotrophic fungus, C. higginsianum develops a series of specialized infection structures including germ tubes, appressoria, primary biotrophic hyphae (BH), and secondary necrotrophic hyphae (NH) (Figure 1). Sciemllsila[r1l3y],.fSoirminilfaercltyi,onfobryinafneoctihoenr bhyemainboitohtreorphheimc fiubinogtruospMhiacgnfuanpogrutsheMoraygznaaep, oornthcee otrhyezafue,nognucsehtahse fungus has breached the outer plant surface, it begins an extended period of biotrophic invasion of successive host cells. 2018, 19, 2142 breached the outer plant surface, it begins an extended period of biotrophic invasion of successive host cells. Rice cells invaded by M. oryzae plasmolyze as hyphae colonize them, but plasmolysis stops when the fungus grows into neighboring rice cells. In this form of hemibiotrophy, necrotrophic growth appears to be triggered at four to five days post-inoculation, when macroscopic lesions appear [14]. Biotrophic infection by C. higginsianum is entirely restricted to the first infected epidermal cell, and development switches to necrotrophic growth, which spreads within and between host cells, and kills host cells ahead of infection
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