Abstract
The challenges of a changing climate have directed greater attention to afforestation, but the effects of afforestation on soil fertility and soil biota have not been fully clarified. To explore changes in the soil conditions in two 20-year-old forest plantations established in formerly intensively fertilized plots of agricultural land, we focused on the current developmental state of the sites that received the most fertilizer and evaluated soil properties and Collembola (springtails) communities. Sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) that had been planted in the afforestation sites were assessed for differences between plantations of native and invasive species. Five adjacent reference associations, including forests and open habitats, were also analyzed and compared. Results showed that the soils in the two afforested sites were similar in their properties and Collembola communities to those of the control cultivated forests, but differed from each other in pH, calcium, phosphorus, and ammonium content. The available potassium and phosphorus contents in the soil of the sessile oak plantation were still high, while the soil organic matter content was adequate (SOM > 2.0%) in both plantations. Species richness of Collembola ranged from 18 in the cultivated arable land to 43 in the relict forest. Only a few species typical for forests (e.g., Neanura muscorum, Isotomiella minor, Entomobrya muscorum) were detected in the young plantations, while species characteristic of open habitats (e.g., Protaphorura campata, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus) occurred as well. Although more individuals and species of Collembola were present in the soil of young plantations than in arable fields, their community diversities were significantly lower compared to the control forest stands. Collembola community diversity differed significantly also between the two plantation types (with native and non-native tree species). Mean abundance in the afforested sites was about 2.5 times higher than in the cultivated arable land, yet far lower than the mean abundance in the control forests.
Highlights
The most optimistic scenarios limit the global mean temperature increase to 1.5 °C relative to the pre-industrial level until the end of the twenty-first century, but only if the increase in atmospheric C O2 concentrations can be efficiently moderated (Rogelj et al 2012, 2018)
Both the oak and black locust forest plantations supported higher species richness, and Shannon diversities were significantly higher when compared to the cultivated site (t = 16.843 and 9.534, respectively, p < 0.001)
The present study demonstrated that conversion of formerly highly fertilized cultivated land to forest plantations has considerable impacts on the soil and its biota
Summary
The most optimistic scenarios limit the global mean temperature increase to 1.5 °C relative to the pre-industrial level until the end of the twenty-first century, but only if the increase in atmospheric C O2 concentrations can be efficiently moderated (Rogelj et al 2012, 2018). Concerning forests, the proportion of forested areas in Hungary was only 11.8% after the First World War, an estimated 85.5% of the country’s current area should be naturally forested (Bartha 2000) These marked changes in the vegetation cover have led to habitat loss, fragmentation, and a complex set of biotic responses in the soil environment including significant loss of biodiversity (Poschlod et al 2005; Heiniger et al 2014). Over the past few decades, a considerable proportion of agricultural land in Europe has been converted into different land-use types such as grasslands or forests (Jongman 2002; Cunningham et al 2015). Afforestation of abandoned or low-quality agricultural land has increased worldwide during the last two decades; the ability to predict the long-term effect on soil property and biota following land-use change has become essential
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