Abstract
Collective modes of the ground and excited states of Bose–Einstein condensatesare studied by numerical solution of the time-dependent Gross–Pitaevskiiequation in three spatial dimensions. Scissors modes are studied byquadrupole excitation of the ground and excited states of 23Nacondensates in a fully anisotropic magnetic trap. The frequencies of the collectivemodes for the ground state condensates are found to be in good agreement withprevious linear response theory. New results are presented for the frequencies ofthe collective modes for excited state condensates which exhibit solitary densitydepressions. A key to the proper characterization of the wide variety ofdark-soliton states in atomic condensates is the experimental observation ofcollective modes.
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