Collective actions for reconfiguration of urban space Biały Bór, Poland

Urban public space nourishes social relations, at the same time, the evolution and development of public space are also influenced by social relations. As an important factor affecting the development of public space, the interest relation of citizens presents the characteristics of conflict or cooperation in the occupation of public spaces and finally presents itself in the space form. Based on the point, this paper attempts to explain the evolution and development of urban public space from the perspective of stakeholders, and on this basis investigates the generation mechanism of spontaneous order in the development of urban public space. To meet the research aims, this paper first clarified the inherent meaning that space reflects and shapes social relations, and then selected a certain urban area of Jinan in northern China for the case study. Through the data collected from Google earth history images, interviews, and published reports, the evolution of the major public spaces in this case from 2003 to 2020 was objectively presented. On this basis, the author analysed the social relations, appeals, and actions of various stakeholder groups (such as local people and non-local traders) in different periods in this case, as well as the staged outcomes of their effects on the public space. Finally, a game model of stakeholders was established. The results indicated that the development of a city is a process that mitigates the conflict between social and public space resources. In the occupation of public space resources, the relationship between the stakeholders is dynamic: when the cost is high and the return is low, the stakeholders show a trend of “conflict”; when costs are low and returns are high, the tendency to “conflict” diminishes.; When costs and benefits reach some kind of equilibrium, “cooperation” tends to rise and gradually leads to spontaneous order. Although this spontaneous order has its limitations due to the limited rationality of its participants, it still can play a positive role in the development of urban public space. In the concluding section, the paper proposes an optimization strategy of interest integration and coordination for urban space development, which may be of reference value for architects and government management to actively guide this spontaneous order in urban planning and urban governance.

This paper focuses on the production of public spaces in low income neighbourhoods in Xalapa, Mexico. In this context, the improvement and development of public spaces play an important role in processes of neighbourhood upgrading and integration. However, processes of urban production are characterised by conflict and disputes, where main stakeholders interact with diverse and contradictory interests in the creation and transformation of public space. Some agents compete for the land available to the public, others struggle for organisation, improvement and development, and others contest to control these processes in order to satisfy their own agenda and interests. Residents actively participate throughout these processes and at some stages, they control public space creation and development, however when the municipality takes over processes the results can be problematic. Through these aspects the paper demonstrates that the creation of public spaces in low income neighbourhoods is coloured by negotiation, conflictive and collaborative situations. Indeed, in this case, public space represents an arena in which its political character is very alive, strongly determining the way the urban environment is transformed.

The article is devoted to the study of public urban spaces as a catalyst for the reconstruction of the urban environment. The article analyzes scientific works devoted to the study of sustainable development of the urban environment, the reconstruction of urban areas and the creation of public spaces. The examples from the world experience of creating public spaces during the reconstruction of the urban environment are given and analyzed. Creation and humanization of public spaces as objects of social and communication activity of the population using new technologies in architecture, landscape and light-color design, necessary to create an architectural environment that is comfortable in terms of ecological, functional and aesthetic characteristics. The creation of public spaces during the reconstruction of urban areas contributes to the economic process of updating the subject-spatial environment, taking into account new social and urban planning requirements and the formation of a comfortable urban environment.

This study aims to analyze urban landscapes by assessing the development of built space, one of the most dynamic elements within them. The spatial development of built environments is a phenomenon present in most urban areas. The study looks at the relationship between patterns of built space and urban green spaces. Implications on the connectivity of urban space, the planning of urban functions in their proximity, and the spatial distribution of recreational potential based on the perceived recreational value of the landscape by the local community are investigated. The theme of the paper is a topical issue in the study of urban landscapes, while at the same time it is an ongoing phenomenon - the growth of built space - for which optimal planning solutions are being sought. The analysis and results presented seek to increase understanding and awareness in addressing the dynamics of built space in the urban environment. The data used are collected both from official sources and from the ground. Urban regeneration aims to revitalize distressed urban spaces: The development and beautification of public spaces - squares, squares, parks, street furniture. The links between this category of urban space and the rest of the urban infrastructure are analyzed, as well as the role that urban planning plays in the development of built space in the vicinity of forest areas. The study area comprises territories in the municipality of Bistrita. The socio-economic context of the area has been the basis for understanding the patterns of evolution identified in the urban landscape, as well as being a driver in ongoing urban transformations and processes.

Abstract:. The development of public space in urban forest areas as has been done on the Cikapundung Terrace has an influence on the improvement and structuring of the city of Bandung in other regions, as well as a great potential to become a natural tourist attraction. Since the city of Bandung, led by the mayor of Ridwan Kamil, has made rapid progress as a tourist city that has various tourist variants, such as nature tourism, culinary tourism, textile tourism etc., to have more than 100 popular city sights. In this case, the Cikapundung Terrace is one of the benchmarks, as an area within the city that has successfully transformed from a dirty and slum area that pollutes the surrounding environment into a tourist area that is popular and popular with people in and out of the city from various social strata. In the Urban Planning study approach, this phenomenon is a tangible manifestation of the efforts of the City Government to create a public space that is accommodating and well integrated and can be accessed by a large part of the urban community which is then referred to as Urban Space. This is in accordance with the City Government's vision and mission to preserve the environment based on the rules and regulations regarding Open Space.The influence that is felt for the people of Bandung from the revitalization of the Cikapundung river is from the aspect of economic, social and healthy lifestyles, in the economic aspect, regional development such as this has succeeded in providing wider tourism opportunities that can involve local communities to develop independent business activities such as selling around the area, etc., in the social aspect, people interact more with each other in a positive and active communal space, and in the aspect of a healthy lifestyle, the community becomes motivated to contribute to advancing the region by maintaining cleanliness and environmental health. Keyword: Public Space, Urban Space, Open Space Abstract:. The development of public space in urban forest areas as has been done on the Cikapundung Terrace has an influence on the improvement and structuring of the city of Bandung in other regions, as well as a great potential to become a natural tourist attraction. Since the city of Bandung, led by the mayor of Ridwan Kamil, has made rapid progress as a tourist city that has various tourist variants, such as nature tourism, culinary tourism, textile tourism etc., to have more than 100 popular city sights. In this case, the Cikapundung Terrace is one of the benchmarks, as an area within the city that has successfully transformed from a dirty and slum area that pollutes the surrounding environment into a tourist area that is popular and popular with people in and out of the city from various social strata. In the Urban Planning study approach, this phenomenon is a tangible manifestation of the efforts of the City Government to create a public space that is accommodating and well integrated and can be accessed by a large part of the urban community which is then referred to as Urban Space. This is in accordance with the City Government's vision and mission to preserve the environment based on the rules and regulations regarding Open Space.The influence that is felt for the people of Bandung from the revitalization of the Cikapundung river is from the aspect of economic, social and healthy lifestyles, in the economic aspect, regional development such as this has succeeded in providing wider tourism opportunities that can involve local communities to develop independent business activities such as selling around the area, etc., in the social aspect, people interact more with each other in a positive and active communal space, and in the aspect of a healthy lifestyle, the community becomes motivated to contribute to advancing the region by maintaining cleanliness and environmental health. Keyword: Public Space, Urban Space, Open Space <w:LsdE

The need to create high-quality sustainable urban structures is widely emphasized. An important place among the elements shaping a sustainable urban space is occupied by natural elements, including water. The importance of water results from its multifaceted impact both on the physical conditions of the city and its beauty. The article draws attention to the role of water elements in shaping public spaces in the areas of European cities. The role of water in the creation of public spaces and the very diverse range of functions fulfilled by it was emphasized in a particular manner. Among the water elements found in urban spaces, the largest group consists of fountains and bells and whistles. Over the centuries, these water elements played a variety of functions: utility, cult, aesthetic and climatic, while being a significant element of the composition. Selected examples presented in the article concern both historical and contemporary use of water in shaping urban squares and green park and garden spaces. Analysing contemporary examples, particular attention was paid to the use of water elements for ecological remodelling, as well as reviving and increasing the attractiveness of revitalized areas in the urban tissue. This interest in water as a material with a wide variety of possibilities, which results from its physical properties, resulted in a variety of functional and spatial solutions. The research and studies conducted for many years by the author regarding the participation of natural elements, including in particular water and greenery, in the shaping of urban structures were the basis for the considerations. The public spaces with water elements analysed in the paper are places with high aesthetic values. They serve recreation, rest, education, promote social bonding, and are often places for organizing various cultural events or historic happenings. Water in these spaces is not only an element of the composition, but also a factor shaping a special microclimate. The potential of water for the creation of urban space is enormous and still not fully utilized, which is confirmed by subsequent realizations, encouraging with artistic and technical solutions, indicating the ever new possibilities of using water.

Once Tehran was an enchanting city garden with abundant green lands at Alborz mountain range. Now it has changed into a metropolis with many problems as a result of losing a lot of gardens, farms, and green spaces. Tehran is the capital of Iran with a population around 13 million people daytime and 8.5 million people night-time. Its area is about 730 square kilometres and in terms of population density, it is ranked 25th in the list of most populous cities. Due to the lack of public spaces required, Tehran metropolis has faced serious challenges to create a sense of life satisfaction in the residents. Due to population density and numerous amount of mass housing and high land prices, the development of public spaces required by the city has become more difficult. Therefore, one of the ways to develop such spaces is to use underground surfaces and combine them with existing surfaces on the ground. How to properly correlate and interact between the development of urban public spaces, urban underground spaces and improving Tehran metropolis citizens’ quality of life and provide solutions for it, is the main issue of this research.

Dewey, Implementation, and Creating a Democratic Civic University

The article is dedicated to the systematic analysis of the peculiarities of the formation and functioning of amalgamated territorial communities in Ukraine as new local social communities. Analyzing the legislative procedure of amalgamation, the author distinguishes the essential features of amalgamated territorial communities that are different from other settlement communities. Within the framework of this investigation, the newly amalgamated hromadas appear as a “second-order” phenomenon, which is a socio-legal construct that is formed in a consensual manner and on a voluntary reciprocal basis. Basing on the analysis of qualitative sociological research data the author demonstrates the importance of the functioning of reciprocity mechanisms at the level of orientations and practices of all social actors involved in the procedure of territorial communities amalgamation. It is illustrated that the "failure" of reciprocity mechanisms contributes to the change of merger scenarios, causes the postponement of this process and the emergence of conflict situations. The paper substantiates that the legislative procedure of territorial communities amalgamation intensifies the formation of social capital and the establishment of a new civic social order. The special, different social status of amalgamated territorial communities in comparison with other settlement communities is explained by the emergence of the phenomenon of social cohesion, the mechanisms of activation of which are contained in the legislative order of territorial communities amalgamation. It is concluded that an important theoretical basis for the sociological conceptualization of ATC is the concept of reciprocity, which explains the mechanism of successful amalgamation, which is facilitated by the attitudes and practices of reciprocity of all involved social actors. According to the author’s point of view, the sociological synthesis of spatial and activity approaches to the analysis of social communities within the framework of sociological conceptualization of united territorial communities is considered heuristic. The synthesis of these approaches emphasizes both the importance of the spatial context of interactions emergence and reproduction, and their essential functionality in the formation and reproduction of hromada social order.

ABSTRACTResearch question: This paper investigates (1) how representatives of Sámi sport clubs understand local and national communities, and (2) and the role of the sport organization in the creation and perception of local and national community. The study contributes to the research field by showing how sport organizations are the basis of the community, locally and nationally.Research methods: Interviews were conducted with seven board members representing five Sámi sport clubs in four municipalities. The sport clubs were all members of the Sámi sport organization, and located in core Sámi areas where Sámi language and culture is manifested in everyday life. Sámi are the indigenous peoples of the northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and north-west Russia.Results and findings: For sport club representatives, Sámi sport refers to specific activities associated with Sámi husbandry heritage, and to the Sámi sport organization. Sport clubs function as community organizations at the local level. Moreover, through affiliation with the Sámi sport organization, the sport clubs are the link to the Sámi national community. Sámi indigeneity is played out internally in the local community as well as on the borderline to other communities with other ethnic compositions.Implications: The study revealed a complex relationship between the local and national elements of indigeneity, and between the internal and the external elements. These elements of multiculturalism and sport clubs require to be taken into account in future sport management and policy-making in addition to multicultural policies towards immigrant sport participation and organization.

Reviewed by: Shades of Green: Irish Regiments, American Soldiers, and Local Communities in the Civil War Era by Ryan W. Keating Damian Shiels Shades of Green: Irish Regiments, American Soldiers, and Local Communities in the Civil War Era. Ryan W. Keating. New York: Fordham University Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0-8232-7660-8, 328 pp., paper, $40.00. Despite an apparently ceaseless stream of titles relating to the military exploits of the Irish Brigade, it is surprising how little detailed and considered scholarly analysis has been produced on Irish service in the Union military. The most significant contributions have been by historians William L. Burton, Christian G. Samito, and, most influentially, Susannah J. Ural, whose 2006 publication, The Harp and the Eagle: Irish American Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861–1865, has become the standard text on the topic. With Shades of Green: Irish Regiments, American Soldiers, and Local Communities in the Civil War Era, Ryan W. Keating has made a major contribution to the field, not least because he moved beyond the New York–Philadelphia–Boston enclaves of the Irish in search of his source material. Keating takes three ethnic Irish regiments—the 23d Illinois Infantry, 9th Connecticut Infantry, and 17th Wisconsin Infantry—as the building blocks with which he constructs his argument, that the historical debate needs to move away from a monolithic view of "Irish America" and toward a concept of different "Irish Americas . . . connected to both local and national communities" (13). For his foundations, Keating compiled individual information on 5,029 men, drawn from military, pension, and population records as well as newspapers. This approach makes Shades of Green the first study exploring the Irish in Federal service to adopt such a bottom-up approach. The book begins with three chapters on the formation of each regiment and their initial service. The September 1861 actions of the 23d Illinois at Lexington, Missouri, saw it join the 69th New York State Militia as an inspiration for ethnic Irish communities seeking to emulate their example and performance, including those in Connecticut and Wisconsin. Ultimately the 9th Connecticut left the state in November 1861, with the 17th Wisconsin—the least "Irish" of the three—following suit in March 1862. Keating uses comparative social history to demonstrate the many differences that existed between ostensibly similar ethnic regiments, something particularly identifiable in both recruitment patterns and recruit profile. Therefore, we learn that while the 23d Illinois was able to draw heavily on specific local communities for volunteers, the 9th Connecticut had to adopt a countywide recruitment approach. Officers in the 17th Wisconsin had the toughest task of all, ranging far and wide through the state to fill their regiment. Nor were all these men the same; those who marched with James Mulligan and the 23d Illinois to [End Page 306] Lexington had significantly fewer working-class representatives in their ranks than did Thomas Cahill's 9th Connecticut when they disembarked at Ship Island. The book's core adopts a thematic approach, examining the regiments and their communities on the home front through the course of the war and beyond. The most significant questions facing scholars of the Irish in the Civil War revolve around the nature of Irish American ethnic identity, its compatibility with the Union war effort, and how natives reacted to that identity during the conflict. Keating has much to contribute to the debate. He finds in Illinois, Connecticut and Wisconsin a more nuanced picture than that identified by Susannah Ural in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. A particularly insightful chapter on reactions to New York's 1863 draft riots is a case in point. While we might expect that Irish communities in Illinois, Connecticut, and Wisconsin were quick to condemn the rioters, what surprises is the extent to which the native-born in those states rallied behind their Irish neighbors to ward off nativist sentiment. Keating attributes this response primarily to local Irish support for Union and the way these smaller ethnic communities interacted with those around them. The level and sustained nature of that support for the Union is one of the most important findings of Shades of Green. In these communities, "the relationship between adopted citizens...

Optimization Research of Urban Space Configuration Based on Space Syntax

The article uses the knowledge practice repertoire approach, combined with an integrated opportunity approach, to investigate the role that local community knowledge based on holistic worldviews plays in the formation of collective actors, action and outcomes. This is argued to be crucial given that environmental governance is shaped instead by knowledge based on a worldview of a nature/culture divide, and that local community knowledge is key to responding to the planetary crisis and subject to this potential ontological clash. Attention to local community collective action using this lens can shed light on whether and how spaces can be made for different approaches, giving a fresh view to how outcomes matter. The article presents two case studies of local community collective action through community protocols from South Africa and Argentina. Community protocols are documents, recognised in international environmental law, where local communities set out their worldviews, their traditional knowledge and practices in support of environmental protection, and link these to rights and protections in national and international law as a basis for collective action. They are thus ideal sites for investigating knowledge practices and ontological politics. Focusing on different types of knowledge practices and opportunity contexts helped to untangle the complex question of how outcomes mattered to the local communities in these cases.

Purpose: Aggressive urbanisation is drastically reducing the area of green-blue resources in cities, leading to threats of flooding from heavy rains and drought due to the high degree of pavement sealing. Setting a new direction for urban space management is becoming necessary, emphasising designating new areas for tree planting and water retention. To ensure this process's effectiveness, it is crucial to be aware of the importance and necessity of increasing green-blue infrastructure in urban spaces in the face of climate change. The purpose of this article is to present the results of a survey conducted among people holding public functions in local government, i.e. mayors, councillors, employees of offices, as well as residents of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolia (GZM) regarding awareness of the importance and development of green-blue infrastructure in urban spaces in the process of city management. Design/methodology/approach: The research problem is to identify the prevalence of certain beliefs and thoughts among residents and city and municipal leaders of the GZM regarding the importance and benefits of developing green-blue infrastructure in urban space. A quantitative research method (questionnaire survey) was used to carry out the research, as well as the method of analysis and criticism of the literature. Findings: As a result of the analysis of the survey questionnaires filled out by respondents, it was discovered that residents see the need to take measures to develop blue-green infrastructure in the cities and municipalities of the GZM and consider them valuable. A particular group of residents - those who also hold a position in local government do not differ in their assessment of the issues studied from those who live in the GZM; they only declare greater knowledge of green-green infrastructure and actions taken by local governments in this regard. Practical implications: The results of the research can support mayors in managing a city, taking into account concern for the comfort of residents in an increasingly urbanised area and exposure to various weather anomalies in urban space. Social implications: The study's results will help increase the belief that action is needed for climate adaptation and green-blue infrastructure development. Originality /value: For several years, the scientific discourse on public management at the local level has seen a view of the need to adapt urban spaces to climate change. The research fills the knowledge gap in identifying the beliefs and thoughts of city and municipal leaders of the GZM, as well as residents' expectations regarding the development of public space, including the development of green-blue infrastructure.

Виокремлено та проаналізовано зміст семи основних етапів процесу добровільного об’єднання територіальних громад в Україні, передбаченого чинним законодавством, а саме: 1) ініціювання добровільного об’єднання територіальних громад; 2) узгодження пропозиції щодо об’єднання зацікавленими територіальними громадами; 3) розробки та обговорення проекту рішення щодо добровільного об’єднання територіальнихгромад; 4) вивчення проекту рішення щодо добровільного об’єднання територіальних громад на відповідність Конституції та законам України; 5) прийняття рішення місцевої ради про добровільне об’єднання територіальних громад або проведення місцевого референдуму щодо підтримки об’єднання територіальних громад; 6) прийняття рішення про утворення об’єднаної територіальної громади; 7) формування об’єднаної територіальної громади та відповідних органів місцевого самоврядування.Для кожного з етапів визначено суб’єктів їх реалізації, тривалість та очікуваний результат, сформульовано зауваження та рекомендації щодо проходження етапів. Розроблено рекомендації щодо розробки методичного забезпечення процесу об’єднання територіальних громад та подальшого вдосконалення законодавства.