Abstract
Restoring homeostasis following tissue damage requires a dynamic and tightly orchestrated sequence of molecular and cellular events that ensure repair and healing. It is well established that nutrition directly affects skin homeostasis, while malnutrition causes impaired tissue healing. In this study, we utilized fish sidestream-derived protein hydrolysates including fish collagen as dietary supplements, and investigated their effect on the skin repair process using a murine model of cutaneous wound healing. We explored potential differences in wound closure and histological morphology between diet groups, and analyzed the expression and production of factors that participate in different stages of the repair process. Dietary supplementation with fish sidestream-derived collagen alone (Collagen), or in combination with a protein hydrolysate derived from salmon heads (HSH), resulted in accelerated healing. Chemical analysis of the tested extracts revealed that Collagen had the highest protein content and that HSH contained the great amount of zinc, known to support immune responses. Indeed, tissues from mice fed with collagen-containing supplements exhibited an increase in the expression levels of chemokines, important for the recruitment of immune cells into the damaged wound region. Moreover, expression of a potent angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), was elevated followed by enhanced collagen deposition. Our findings suggest that a 5%-supplemented diet with marine collagen-enriched supplements promotes tissue repair in the model of cutaneous wound healing, proposing a novel health-promoting use of fish sidestreams.
Highlights
Wound healing is a recovery response set in motion after tissue injury
We sought to determine the chemical composition and nutritional quality of a series of sidestream-derived enzymatic protein hydrolysates produced by salmon and mackerel heads and backbones (Table 1)
The analysis revealed that mackerel-based hydrolysates were rich in ash, compared with the salmon-derived hydrolysates, which were perceived as more salty tasting (Supplementary Table S1) [28]
Summary
Wound healing is a recovery response set in motion after tissue injury. This dynamic and complex process is a synchronized sequence of four interconnected stages; the hemostasis, the inflammatory, the proliferation, and the maturation phase. Distinct cell types present in the vicinity proliferate and migrate into the wound bed to produce extracellular matrix (ECM) components that form a contractile granulation tissue, replacing the original clot. In the final step of wound healing, balanced regulation between apoptosis and generation of new cells, as well as replacement of the type III collagen-rich granulation tissue with a type I collagen scar are critical for remodeling [3,4,5]
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