Abstract
Monocytes are involved in innate immune surveillance, establishment and resolution on inflammation, and can polarize versus M1 (pro-inflammatory) or M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages. The possibility to control and drive immune cells activity through plasma stimulation is therefore attractive. We focused on the effects induced by cold-atmospheric plasma on human primary monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Monocytes resulted more susceptible than monocyte-derived macrophages to the plasma treatment as demonstrated by the increase in reactive oxygen (ROS) production and reduction of viability. Macrophages instead were not induced to produce ROS and presented a stable viability. Analysis of macrophage markers demonstrated a time-dependent decrease of the M1 population and a correspondent increase of M2 monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). These findings suggest that plasma treatment may drive macrophage polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype.
Highlights
Monocytes are versatile mononuclear phagocytes involved in innate immune surveillance, establishment and resolution of inflammation
We focused our attention on the effects of a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) source operated in open air on primary human monocytes and in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), evaluating their viability, ROS production and membrane markers expression
We analyzed with the same software the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) as indicator of the mean amount of O2 − produced by each single cell
Summary
Monocytes are versatile mononuclear phagocytes involved in innate immune surveillance, establishment and resolution of inflammation. Monocytes are recruited from the bloodstream to the site of inflammation where they differentiate into macrophages [1]. Plasma 2018, 1 high levels of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) proteins, including the CD68 marker, and costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 [5]. They release reactive oxygen intermediates and several pro-inflammatory cytokines [6]. M2 macrophages are instead characterized by the expression of specific phenotypic markers, such as the mannose receptor-1 (CD206), the scavenger receptors
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