Abstract
Abstract Diagnoses are presented of the three-dimensional vertical circulation for a coupled cold-warm frontal system in an idealized moist semi-geostrophic (SG) baroclinic wave. The vertical circulation is computed in SG space where the solution corresponds to its quasi-geostrophic (QG) counterpart in physical space. It is shown for this QG solution that (i) the vertical motion is enhanced in the moist region due to small moist stability and strong local geostrophic forcing; (ii) the cyclonic/anti-cyclonic ageostrophic wind vorticity is induced locally by the geostrophic wind deformation/rotation; (iii) the along-flow/cross-flow ageostrophic wind divergence is associated with the along-flow curvature/speed variation of the system-relative geostrophic wind. When the solution is transformed back to physical space, the vertical motion is dramatically enhanced and concentrated along the cold and warm fronts in the moist region due to time-integrated ageostrophic wind convergence and ageostrophic feedback to ...
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